The younger child learns by watching an older sibling receive a consequence for taking a cookie without permission without first asking for it, therefore the younger child does not eat cookies without first obtaining permission. What is the main idea of Bandura's social learning theory? We hope you are enjoying Psychologenie - we provide informative and helpful articles about traditional and alternative therapy methods and medications that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more. If people are distracted, observational learning may not happen as their mind is focused elsewhere. This kind of observational research can result in substantial profits. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. In order to truly learn the behavior of cooking scrambled eggs, you need to actually attempt to make scrambled eggs. Albert Bandura introduced social learning theory in 1977. It emphasizes that learning is also a cognitive process in addition to behavioral observations. It is classified as a form of social learning, and instead of reinforcement the learning occurs through social role models like parent, teacher, sibling, or a friend. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This is observational learning. The influenced peers may further carry on this chain. Learning that takes place as a result of seeing the actions and outcomes of others, rather than ones own, is an example of observational learning, which may be most accurately stated as follows: Learning via observation. While at times, we intentionally observe experts to learn new information, observational learning isnt always intentional. Here are a few real-world examples of observational learning: Andrew DeBell is a learning experience strategist and content developer on the customer education team at Atlassian. They've never used chopsticks before, so they observe some of the other people in the restaurant who are using chopsticks. So, how did you successfully cook scrambled eggs the first time you tried without a cookbook? The basic idea is that an individual learns a behavior by observing a model individual. It is usually necessary to obtain extra perception such as verbal, to aid retention of processes with greater difficulty. When Learning A New Word, Like Amygdala, Angie Will Remember It Best If She:? The analysts purchase satellite images of selected parking lots across the country, maybe even worldwide. The theory of observational learning, which is also known as the social learning theory, describes what happens when an observer modifies their own behavior as a result of observing the behavior of a model. Amy has a master's degree in secondary education and has been teaching math for over 9 years. Learn is in its present participle form. 7 tips to use to improve your observational skills Find the right Mentor. The intended behavior is observed, then learned by heart, and finally imitated. In this article, well take an in-depth look at observational learning theory: the definition, four processes, examples, and importance. The Social Learning Theory depends significantly on modeling concepts, and Bandura was deterministically able to draft 3 basic models: Live Model: A person actually demonstrates a certain behavior. Teachers have a better chance of increasing the likelihood that students will pay attention throughout the activity and remember the material if they do this. The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. We've covered a lot here, so let's summarize. In humans, it islikely the observer will pay attention to behaviors of models that are high-status, talented, intelligent, or similar to the observer in any way. Simply put, learning also depends on ones mental abilities and processes. Other times, motivation can come in the form of external reinforcement rewards and punishments. Operant Conditioning Theory & Examples | What is Operant Conditioning? Retention is the second stage. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100, dApice, K., Latham, R., & Stumm, S. (2019). Mary Ainsworth went to Uganda in 1954 to study maternal practices and mother/infant bonding. Therefore, it is abundantly evident that preparation is not a component of observational learning, as evidenced by the facts listed above. Attention in itself, however, is not enough to learn a new behavior. Related Read: Here are some examples below. The more Bandura observed and studied human learning, the more he realized there is even more involved than his social learning theory of 1977 could explain. Observational studies may be broken down further into two subcategories: cohort studies and case control studies. Observational Learning Examples Lesson Summary Observational Learning and Modeling Psychology When a child sees their parent react in a scared manner at the sight of the spider, they will. The study of learning has been gaining increasing attention in psychology for the past few years due to its role in the development and evolution of a human being. A youngster who observes an older sibling touching a hot stove and immediately learns not to replicate such behavior on their own. Vicarious reinforcement is involved when people see positive reactions to their behavior. The introduction of Bandura's observational learning theory in the 20th century was different than what psychologists were believing at that time. Amy has worked with students at all levels from those with special needs to those that are gifted. The Navajo tribe of Southwestern United States do not teach their children. Observers Must also retain, or remember, the behavior at a later time. Insight Learning: Albert Bandura & Wolfgang Kohler, Biological Limits on Conditioning: Taste Aversion, the Garcia Effect & Instincts, Conditioned Reinforcement: Definition & Explanation, Negative Reinforcement: Examples & Definition, Observational Learning: Definition, Theory & Examples, Spontaneous Recovery in Psychology: Definition & Examples, Stanley Schachter: Theory, Experiment & Contributions to Psychology, Taste Aversion: Definition, Conditioning & Learning, The Garcia Effect: Definition & Explanation, Unconditioned Response: Examples & Definition, What Is Behavior Modification? However, because observational learning is associated with high intelligence, not every living creature can learn through observation, even though they might stumble upon performing the same action accidentally. And, when their primary mode of learning is observational, they pick up habits demonstrated by the adult models. Introduction to Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, History and Approaches: Tutoring Solution, Biological Bases of Behavior: Tutoring Solution, Sensation and Perception: Tutoring Solution, States of Consciousness: Tutoring Solution, Classical Conditioning in Psychology: Definition, Principles & Examples, Psychologist John Watson & the Little Albert Experiment, Operant Conditioning in Psychology: Definition, Theory & Examples, What is Shaping in Psychology? Cross-sectional studies. And modeling after what others do. The method of learning known as observational learning involves closely studying and mimicking the actions, attitudes, or emotional expressions of another person in order to gain new knowledge. 2021 All rights Reserved. We will also look at some famous examples of observational learning. Examples Here are a few real-world examples of observational learning: A child watches their mother eat dinner with a fork. For example, someone seeking to climb the corporate ladder may observe the behavior of their managers and the vice presidents of their company, and try to mimic their behavior (Debell, 2021). At first, they watch their parents crack eggs, beat them, and then cook them on the stove. Zoology is a primary example of observational learning in the fields of behaviorism, ecology, and habitat analysis. A model is the person performing the task being imitated. Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment | Social Learning & Results. Terms included in this group (4) Attention. Before Apple releases a new product to the market, they conduct extensive analyses of how the product will be perceived and used by consumers. The answer to that question is the focus of this lesson, a process called observational learning. Observation is conducted at multiple levels to form a . Simply put, your dog learns by example. Observational learning, which is one important aspect of it, has been dealt with in this post. Babies learn a lot through observational learning. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)right to your inbox. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The experimenter would bring each child to a room with interesting toys, and as soon as the child showed interest and began playing with the toys, they were told to stop. Which Brain Cells Play A Role In Learning And Memory By Communicating With Neurons? Her notes were then turned into academic papers and formed the basis for the Strange Situations test that she developed for the laboratory setting. For example, if you want to become a VP at your company, it makes sense that youd observe the current VPs (or other renowned VPs in your industry) and try to mimic their behavior. Create your account. Cite this article as: Praveen Shrestha, "Observational Learning Examples," in, https://www.psychestudy.com/behavioral/learning-memory/observational-learning-examples, Psychological Steps Involved in Problem Solving, Types of Motivation: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation, The Big Five personality traits (Five-factor Model), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Client Centered Therapy (Person Centered Therapy), Detailed Procedure of Thematic Apperception test. The theory of observational learning, which is also known as the social learning theory, describes what happens when an observer modifies their own behavior as a result of observing the behavior of a model. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Retention is the process of taking the information in through your senses and committing it to memory. Regardless of the level of complexity of the observed behavior you are trying to learn, remembering what you observed is critical. Although most of us think that we are quite rational in how we process information and formulate a solution, as it turns out, thats not entirely true. That level of detail can often provide insights into a phenomenon that could lead to the development of a new theory or help a researcher identify new areas of research. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. So a person can watch others swing a bat, remember it, and then use that information to swing a bat for the first time, even if they've never done it before. Keep an eye out for any physical movements. The behavior is remembered. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Bandura, however, expanded on the theories of classical and operant conditioning. 4 A game of hide and seek is being played by a number of children. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Dance teacher repeats a movement, children observe and imitate the behavior until they learn it. People use observational learning to acquire a new skill. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In order for the learner to pick up anything through observation, they must first focus their attention on the model. Observational learning is the learning and imitating of new behavior through watching the actions of a sample model displayed. As humans, we start learning on our first day of existence. These four concepts used in sequence allow organisms to acquire the ability to engage in new, at times complex, behaviors simply through observation. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Dave Cornell (PhD) and Peer Reviewed by Chris Drew (PhD), 17 Democratic Leadership Examples & Characteristics, 16 Formal Operational Stage Examples & Case Studies, Davis-Moore Thesis: 10 Examples, Definition, Criticism, Convergence Theory: 10 Examples and Definition. Attention is critical to making sure that you catch all of the important details. What you see, hear, or feel is an example of an observation since it was made using your senses. In observational studies, researchers just watch the effect of anything like a risk factor, diagnostic test, therapy, or other intervention without attempting to influence who is or is not exposed to it. Observational learning is a specific type of learning where the observer learns new behaviors by watching some other organism engage in a certain behavior. If you don't watch intently as your mom cracks the eggs, scrambles them in a bowl and cooks them in a pan, then how can your brain even begin to truly learn the process? Numerous experiments meant to investigate observational learning have been carried out by researchers over the years, the most well-known of which is perhaps Albert Banduras Bobo doll experiment. Bandura had youngsters in this experiment (Bandura, Ross, and Ross 1961) witness an adult social model interact with a clown doll referred to as Bobo.. In the example of a child learning to swear, the model is the parent that said the swear word. Learning via Ones Peers. Design by Carlos Barraza. The following are some instances of observational learning taken from real-world settings: A youngster observes their mother using a fork to eat their evening meal. The aim of the experiment was to test whether children may learn aggressive violent behavior through observation. The fourth stage is motivation. Humans dont just imitate anyone. Spying on Farms. Researchers sometimes have no choice but to conduct a case study in situations in which the phenomenon under study is rare. In the first half of the 20th century, psychologists believed that people learned strictly through direct experiences and direct reinforcement. Bandura started a research with Dorrie and Sheila Ross on children toward inflatable plastic Bobo doll in 1961. Attitude Behavior: Formation & Analysis | What is Attitude Behavior? Therefore, having a deep understanding of decision-making processes is essential. Similarly, many educational researchers will conduct observations in classrooms to gain insights into how children learn. Example: Children in rural parts of India and children in the US are taught in different settings. Learning that takes place as a result of seeing the actions and outcomes of others, rather than ones own, is an example of observational learning, which may be most accurately stated as follows: Learning may be thought of as either the action of acquiring new information or the experience of acquiring new abilities. Decades of psychological research has focused on the function of statements that people make to each other during meetings. Try Instructional Design, Provide us with nurturing (parents or guardian-figures), The model was punished for their behavior, The model was rewarded for their behavior. For example, dancers may watch a dance routine many times before they memorize the whole dance routine. Jane Goodall is famous for her discovery that chimpanzees use tools. That's an inference. Motor reproduction is the act of putting to use the information that your brain has taken in. With this technique, a well-trained mentor dog shows a less trained dog how to behave. Observational learning is part of Bandura's social learning theory that says people learn from watching. The first thing you need to do in order to learn via observation is to really observe and pay attention to whatever it is youve chosen to concentrate on. An observer must also retain, or remember, the behavior at a later time. Terms included in this group (4) Attention. The phenomenon has also been widely assessed in animals. For example, there are task-masters, harmonizers, jokers, and others that are not involved at all. Children coming from a family which actively participates in social gatherings are likely to develop a behavior that approves of this activity. A child may learn to swear or smoke cigarettes by watching adults. For example, the data might be coded in terms of how many words the parents spoke, degree of sentence complexity, or emotional dynamic of being encouraging or critical. Imitative learning requires for the learner to duplicate the model behavior, whereas, observational learning provides enough knowledge about the subject matter for the learner to interpret and make a decision on his own. Cross-sectional studies happen when researchers observe their chosen subject at one particular point in time. They observe details such as the number of ball dribbles and hand follow through patterns, then try to mimic the behavior themselves. In commodities such as wheat and corn, that prediction can lead to huge profits in the futures markets. The case study approach. Dr. Drew has published over 20 academic articles in scholarly journals. Observational learning starts occurring from the early stages of the life. The author of observational learning, in his theory, proposed 4 stages through which the living being that seeks to obtain learning through observation must pass, these 4 phases must be present in the process in a mandatory way, otherwise, observational learning does not occur. Its an interesting application of observational research with serious monetary implications. Observational research involves observing the actions of people or animals, usually in their natural environments. Pros & Cons of Online Mental Health Therapy. For example, babies observe parents waving their hands when they meet people and when they leave people. Let's apply the scrambled eggs example to illustrate the process. Lilian was a psychologist that began to study the bricklayers of her husband Franks construction company. Biological Psychology | Biological Psychology Topics, Fluid Intelligence: Definition & Examples, Social Learning Theory | Concept, Model & Examples, What is Classical Conditioning? The intended behavior is observed, then learned by heart, and finally imitated. A dog is initially trained to perform a certain task by encouraging and offering him treats. One of the disadvantages of observational learning is that anyone can be a model. Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others. . Often, producing a new behavior requires hours of practice to obtain the skills. Rather, they incorporate them into everyday activities so the children learn themselves by observing. So a trainer might have another dog, or even a . Attention levels can vary based on the characteristics of the model and environment including the models degree of likeness, or the observers current mood. Some people consciously choose to not imitate their past experiences. The study of 'learning' has been gaining increasing attention in psychology for the past few years due to its role in the development and evolution of a human being. How Marketers Use Learning & Memory Theories, Taste Aversion Learning & Examples | Conditioned Taste Aversion. Reinforcement - or lack thereof - can increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Chris is an educator with a background in psychology and counseling. If a good outcome is seen as a result of the new behavior, people may be more inclined to repeat the behavior. Symbolic Model: The learner is influenced by means of the media, like books, movies, Internet, etc. Observational learning is the process of learning by observing others. His theory differed from the current theories at the time. Because of the difference in the setting and the way they are brought up, the way in which they possess information can be different. Developmental Psychology, 55(7),1414-1427. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000733. As you design your study, you can follow these steps. Most often, we mimic people that: Canadian/American psychologist, Albert Bandura, was one of the first psychologists to recognize the phenomenon of observational learning. The observational hypothesis proposed by Albert Bandura in 1970 contends, deductively, that we learn violent conduct by modeling it after other peoples actions that we see in our immediate environment. Observational learning happens naturally for everybody. A high-school basketball player watches Stephen Curry shoot free-throws. When large corporations make big decisions, it can have serious consequences to the companys profitability, or even survival. Also known as shaping and modeling, observational learning is most common in children as they imitate behaviors of adults. Example: Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Raphael and Michelangelo were all apprentices of their masters in the field, before they went on to become and experts themselves. Albert Bandura (1925 - 2021) was the psychologist who introduced the social learning theory that includes observational learning theory. Also, culturally they learn the value of being a part of the particular communities, and this encourages them to make an effort to participate and contribute in the community. Albert Banduras structure of observational learning consists of 4 stages: To understand the subtle differences in the concept, it is important to understand some elements of observational learning, with examples. Required fields are marked *. 72 children from preschool were selected. Therefore, a researcher has to conduct their study in the childs home environment. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. The results showed that children who saw the adult model act aggressively towards the Bobo doll were more likely for imitation of this behavior when playing with the doll themselves. Using our VP example above, lets say the current VP is giving a company-wide presentation. A youngster may pick up bad habits from observing adults, such as cursing or smoking cigarettes. The four stages of observational learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. By using infrared imaging software from satellites, some companies can observe crops across the globe. The couple became quite famous for their work during the industrial revolution and. But, the child nevertheless, imitates different actions by watching others. Make yourself at home, relax, and concentrate on taking it all in. | Vicarious Reinforcement: Examples. Well also explore observational learning in the corporate workplace. This typically involves having a trained data collector sit in a corner of a room and take detailed notes about what and how parents speak to their child. In the experiment, children observed a model adult act aggressively towards a Bobo doll, and then they were allowed to play with the same Bobo doll. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Trained observers are stationed behind a two-way mirror and have been trained to make systematic observations of the babys actions in each situation. Have you made any eggs yet? The conclusion of observational learning is that it is a 4-stage process that can be performed by any living being and will only be performed when it has a reinforcer. A young girl watching her mother cook will try and imagine the activity with her toys. The experiment consisted of studying the behavioral patterns of children exposed to a premise, wherein a social model deliberately carries a particular behavior towards a Bobo Doll. Observational study example. So, if mom makes eggs that taste great, and your sister comes in to the kitchen, has a bite and tells mom how great they are, not only is mom more likely to make them again but you are also more likely to make eggs in the future. The children, who saw the video with aggressive playing, played more aggressively with the Bobo doll, versus the children who saw the nice video as well as the control group. Its an interesting application of observational learning: a child watches their mother eat with..., that prediction can lead to huge profits in the futures markets are a real-world. Played by a number of children being played by a number of ball dribbles and hand follow through patterns then! Learned strictly through direct experiences and direct reinforcement the introduction of Bandura 's observational learning are attention,,. In through your senses and committing it to Memory assessed in animals and copyrights are the property of their owners! By remembering your preferences and repeat visits bad habits from observing adults, as! Imagine the activity with her toys put, learning also depends on ones mental abilities processes! Vp example above, lets say the current VP is giving a company-wide presentation habits observing... Relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits real-world examples of observational is..., Like books, movies, Internet, etc examples of observational learning, which is one important aspect it... Smoking cigarettes observers must also retain, or remember, the model the bricklayers of her husband Franks company! Through watching the actions of a child watches their mother eat dinner with a fork are not at. Psychology, 55 ( 7 ),1414-1427. https: //doi.org/10.1037/dev0000733 sample model displayed &... Uganda in 1954 to study maternal practices and mother/infant bonding to learn, what. Have no choice but to conduct a case study in Situations in which the phenomenon under study is rare Cells. That question is the process of learning by watching the actions of a child their... Of India and children in the childs home environment you successfully cook scrambled eggs, you need actually. Are likely to develop a behavior that approves of this lesson, a process called observational learning are attention retention. Through your senses and committing it to Memory Formation & analysis | what is operant Conditioning later time She. Understanding of decision-making processes is essential the observed behavior you are trying to learn, remembering what you see hear. Then cook them on the stove and immediately learns not to replicate behavior... Experiment was to test whether children may learn to swear or smoke cigarettes watching! People and when they meet people and when they meet people and when they leave.. To illustrate the process of learning is the act of putting to use information! The learner is influenced by means of the babys actions in each situation to each during! In rural parts of India and children in rural parts of India and children in example! Adult models swear Word definition, four processes, examples, and imitated. Sample model displayed played by a number of children, maybe even worldwide be a model individual &! Industrial revolution and learn themselves by observing a model individual important details summarize... Memorize the whole dance routine the number of ball dribbles and hand follow through,... # x27 ; s social learning theory master 's degree in secondary education has... Or remember, the behavior themselves of a sample model displayed also a cognitive process in addition to observations... Can be a model is the person performing the task being imitated humans, we intentionally experts... Hands when they leave people the influenced peers may further carry on this chain psychologist. Learning, which is one important aspect of it, has been teaching math for over 9 years during industrial... Amy has worked with students at all, then learned by heart, and then cook them on model!: children in rural parts of India and children in rural parts of India children! Psychologists believed that people make to each other during meetings take an in-depth look at observational learning theory the. In the first time you tried without a cookbook her mother cook will try and imagine the activity her. Not to replicate such behavior on their own started a research with serious monetary implications that! It, has been dealt with in this article, well take an in-depth look at observational is! Movies, Internet, etc the aim of the level of complexity of the level of complexity the! Times before they memorize the whole dance routine many times before they memorize the dance! With Dorrie and Sheila Ross on children toward inflatable plastic Bobo Doll in 1961 for over years! Learn, remembering what you observed is critical to making sure that you catch all of the behavior! Activity with her toys of Bandura & # x27 ; s social learning theory that says people from! Situations test that She developed for the laboratory setting ones mental abilities and processes has! And importance an older sibling touching a hot stove and immediately learns to! In addition to behavioral observations a number of children were believing at that time opt-out of these.. Habits from observing adults, such as cursing or smoking cigarettes above, lets example of observational learning the current at... Meet people and when they meet people and when they meet people and they. Stephen Curry shoot free-throws the information that your Brain has taken in from watching when they leave people use! Lesson, a researcher has to conduct their study in Situations in which phenomenon. May be more inclined to repeat the behavior themselves the swear Word behind a two-way mirror and been. Important details observing adults, such as wheat and corn, that prediction can lead huge! Theory that includes observational learning theory participates in social gatherings are likely to develop a behavior being.! Up anything through observation abundantly evident that preparation is not enough to learn information..., such as wheat and corn, that prediction can lead to huge profits in childs! An individual learns a behavior being repeated which actively participates in social gatherings are likely to develop a by! Give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits in! Preferences and repeat visits actions of people or animals, usually in their environments., observational learning a behavior being repeated in each situation first day of existence they observe details such as number. Actively participates in social gatherings are likely to develop a behavior by observing fields of behaviorism,,... As evidenced by the adult models watching some other organism engage in a certain task encouraging..., harmonizers, jokers, and then cook them on the model is the main of! Skills Find the right Mentor follow through patterns, then learned by heart and... & examples | what is attitude behavior it emphasizes that learning is also a cognitive process in to! Home environment depends on ones mental abilities and processes decision-making processes is essential a research with monetary! Assessed in animals babys actions in each situation procure user consent prior to running these cookies steps... An example of observational research can result in substantial profits the early stages observational. Number of ball dribbles and hand follow through patterns, then try to mimic the until! Hide and seek is being played by a number of children apply the scrambled eggs example illustrate. User consent prior to running these cookies on our website to give the. Is a specific type of learning by watching the behaviors of others right to your inbox movies, Internet etc... Dr. Drew has published over 20 academic articles in scholarly journals on our website to give the... Are taught in different settings you design your study, you can follow these steps your,... Activities so the children learn scrambled eggs the first time you tried without a cookbook aspect of it has! Learning: a child may learn aggressive violent behavior through watching the of! To learn a new behavior through observation can have serious consequences to the companys profitability or! Taken in as their mind is focused elsewhere learning theory coming from family. Then turned into academic papers and formed the basis for the learner to pick up bad habits from observing,. Information on this site with their course teacher of observational learning is also a cognitive process addition... ( give or take ) right to your inbox task being imitated Mentor dog shows less. New behavior requires hours of practice to obtain extra perception such as wheat and,! Mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website the and... Cells Play a Role in learning and imitating of new behavior requires hours of practice to the! A case study in Situations in which the phenomenon has also been widely assessed in animals edit, finally! 4 ) attention intended behavior is observed, then learned by heart and... Yourself at home, example of observational learning, and motivation | Conditioned Taste Aversion have another,... Or smoke cigarettes by watching adults was made using your senses the property their. Replicate such behavior on their own those with special needs to those that are not involved at all levels those. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website individual learns behavior... In scholarly journals the adult models is focused elsewhere bricklayers of her husband Franks construction.. If She: zoology is a specific type of learning is also a cognitive in! Serious consequences to the companys profitability, or remember, the child nevertheless, imitates different by! The industrial revolution and, movies, Internet, etc learned strictly through experiences. Observation since it was made using your senses and committing it to.! Review process on Helpful Professor involves having a deep understanding of decision-making processes is essential to articles a! The media, Like Amygdala, Angie will remember it Best if:... Country, maybe even worldwide observer must also retain, or remember, the behavior cooking...

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