This thriving Black commerce led to the emergence of the Dunbar Grade School, Booker T. Washington High School, pool rooms, barber shops, funeral homes, boardinghouses, churches, Masonic lodges, dance halls, choc joints, grocery stores, insurance agencies, law offices, medical and dental offices, and two newspapers. B. Mann, of Mann Brothers Grocery Store, and Black Deputy County Sheriff J. K. Smitherman (A. J.s brother), they offered their assistance to Sheriff Willard McCullough, but he persuaded them to leave. Survivor of 1921 Tulsa race massacre 100 year-old Hughes Van Ellis (2L) sit next to sister 107 year-old Viola Ford Fetcher and family members during a service at Action Chapel International church . When Greenwood residents learned of the impending lynch mob, a group of mostly Black men, which included World War I veterans, armed themselves and went to the courthouse to protect Rowland. Copyright 2021 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. You do not currently have access to this content. She is a native Tulsan, co-creator of the Tulsa Syllabus and the archaeology project "Mapping Historical Trauma in Tulsa from 1921-2021." . Oklahoma Historical Society Oral History Collection InterviewsThis list includes interviews from the 1980s with survivors or individuals who recall the Tulsa Race Massacre. The second building on the right is the Drexel Building, which was a pivotal location in the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Here I am, said Jackson. By the 1880s, under the leadership of African-American attorney Edwin P. McCabe, a former clerk for the United States Treasury Department, Blacks formed Oklahoma clubs and worked to make Oklahoma an all-Black state. Among African Americans, however, the memory had not completely faded. Statewide, 43 percent of Black people own their homes compared to 72 percent of white people. Work. Tape (1999.069.02) - interviews with Ernestine Gibbs, Ruby McCormick, Wes Young, Otis Clark, and Joe Burns At the time, Greenwood was very likely the most prosperous Black community in the country, and Tulsa, the Magic City, was one of Americas fastest-growing cities, an oil boomtown, following the 1905 discovery of the Glenn Pool Oil Reserve 15 miles south of town. The destruction of Greenwood and the assault on its citizens, beginning on May 31, 1921, was called the worst public disturbance since the Civil War. Some filed insurance claims or lawsuits, but none resulted in payment due to riot clauses, the report said. Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. What does this teach? according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. Smith 1 Izzy Smith Justin Yates ENGL 1113 10 Nov. 2020 Rhetorical Analysis: Tulsa 1921 Randy Krehbiel's book Tulsa 1921: Reporting A Massacre (2019) published by the Uni-versity of Oklahoma Press, states that newspapers can be reliable and unreliable especially dur-ing these times since it was white versus black. Hannibal B. Johnson, esquire, is chair of the Education Committee for the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission and local curator of Greenwood Rising. S. MacQueen, a bailiff and failed candidate for sheriff, grabbed a tall Black mans .45-caliber Army-issue handgun, leading to this exchange: N, where are you going with that pistol?. Although there were plenty of shoes to shine downtown, Rowland hurried home. . The story of Tulsas Greenwood community. Post-Civil War massacres in New Orleans, Memphis, Wilmington, Charleston, the Atlanta, Georgia, massacre (1906), the Elaine, Arkansas, massacre (1919), and the Rosewood, Florida, massacre (1923) have been buried deep in the record, ignored in mainstream history books, and lost to national memory. Named for historian and civil rights advocate John Hope Franklin, whose father survived the massacre, the park features the Tower of Reconciliation, a 25-foot- (7.5-metre-) tall sculpture that commemorates African American struggle. Originally dubbed the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot, this man-made calamity might also be given several other descriptors: white riot, assault, disaster, massacre (the mostly commonly used term today), pogrom, a holocaust, ethnic cleansing, or genocide. Randy Krehbiel has been a reporter for the Tulsa World since 1979 and now covers political and governmental affairs in Oklahoma and the United States. An estimated 300 people were killed within the districts 35 square blocks, burning to the ground more than 1,200 homes, at least 60 businesses, dozens of churches, a school, a hospital and a public library, according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. In June 1921 . Self - 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor John W. Franklin Self - Managing Partner at Franklin Global LLC Karlos K. Hill Self - Department Chair and Professor at University of Oklahoma Hannibal Johnson Self - Education Chair for 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial (as Hannibal B. Johnson) George Monroe Self - 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor He told his family that he had tripped over the elevator threshold and accidentally grabbed a white girl and she had screamed. It explains, "The 1921 Tulsa race massacre was one of the most serious instances of racial violence in US history. Could not validate captcha. The Tulsa race massacre was an injustice on multiple levels. The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre in Oklahoma was one of the deadliest events of racist violence in American history. Materials are presented uncensored and unaltered to reflect the historical record, and some content may be disturbing to viewers. Riot Versus Massacre, Teacher Resource Guidescorrelating to Oklahoma History Academic Standards OKH.5.2, Examine multiple points of view regarding the evolution of race relations in Oklahoma, A Very OK PodcastThe 1921 Tulsa Race MassacreBlack Wall (Main) Street. As the white mob reached nearly a thousand, a new contingent of 50 or more Black men, feeling anxious, arrived to protect Rowland, but they, too, were persuaded to leave at about 10:30 p.m. Then, as they walked awayaccording to Scott Ellsworths interview with seventy-eight-year-old survivor Robert FairchildE. Relief was sent in from around the country, from the Red Cross, churches, and other philanthropies, though Tulsa city officials attempted to block it. Now that Tulsa has scratched its way into popular culture, it stands as a symbol of Black tragedy and also of resurrection and resilience. On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob set fire to the district, once known as "Black Wall Street," and killed up to 300 Black residents . In a 1940 Works Progress Administration oral history, an ex-enslaved Creek confirmed this: I was eating out of the same pot with the Indians, . At least $1.4 million in damages were claimed after the massacre, or about $25 million in todays dollars, after controlling for inflation and the current economy, but experts say its an underestimation. By Randy Krehbiel. "Truth. Larry ODell is the director of development and special projects for the Oklahoma Historical Society. Ottawa W. Gurley (known as O. A woman walks past a "Black Wall Street" mural during Juneteenth celebrations in the Greenwood district of Tulsa, the site of the 1921 race massacre, on June 19, 2020. . I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. Tulsa Race Massacre descendant Heather Nash, left, yells at Brenda Alford, 1921 Graves Public Oversight Committee member, and forensic anthropologist Dr. Phoebe Stubblefield as remains from a mass . Even those who worked outside of Greenwood only spent their money in the area, reinvesting in the neighborhood, he said. In other words, when they approached the gate of economic opportunity at the white dominated downtown Tulsa economy, they were turned away. Some have waited decades to find out where the mass graves . The exhibition will feature 33 Oklahoma-based artists. In 1921, one of the nation's worst race massacres destroyed the lives and livelihoods of hundreds of Black Tulsans. Black Tulsans are three times more likely to face police brutality in comparison to their white counterparts. The assembly was quiet until the arrival of the armed Negros, which precipitated and was the direct cause of the entire affair, the grand jury wrote. Her research and teaching focuses on archaeological sites of African heritage in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands and Oklahoma. He bought land and opened another general store north of Tulsas St. Louis and San Francisco or Frisco Railroad tracks. to this report. "Ruins, June 1921". The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsas prosperous Black neighbourhood of Greenwood, known as the Black Wall Street. More than 1,400 homes and businesses were burned, and nearly 10,000 people were left homeless. Summary. Tulsa, 1921 : reporting a massacre / Randy . Book Place Hold Add to basket Print / Email Permalink Disable Highlighting Available copies 1 of 1 copy available at Mansfield Free Public Library. My parents and five siblings were there. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre (Hardcover) By Randy Krehbiel, Karlos K. Hill (Foreword by) $34.95 Add to Cart Add to Wish List Usually Ships in 1-5 Days Description In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. Black residents never received any financial assistance after the massacre to rebuild. Mary E. Jones Parrish, who rana typewriting school in Greenwood, became one of the first historians of the destruction. Theres really no way of knowing exactly how many people died. By Victoria Macchi | National Archives News Enlarge An image from the American Red Cross Disaster Relief, Tulsa Chapter, Condensed Report on the events of May 31 and June 1, 1921, known as the Tulsa Race Massacre. Identifier: 1989-004 An artificial collection comprised of research materials from a variety of sources, including recordings, photographs. The Tulsa Tribune then published the front-page headline Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator. Later, Walter White, who investigated the incident for the NAACP, wondered why so many were willing to believe that Rowland was foolish enough to attack a white girl on an elevator on a holiday during a time of terror. O. Learn More. Smithermans, W.E.B. Overview. Tulsa's Greenwood district is the site of one of the most devastating race disturbances in the history of the United States. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. So, promises broken. $29.95 (cloth); $21.95 (paper). Only in 2020, 99 years after the fact, did the Greenwood massacre become part of the Oklahoma school curriculum! Over 24 hours, Tulsa witnessed what is thought to be the worst single event of white supremacist violence against African Americans in the nation's history. 1,201 pages. Two survivors of the 1921 massacre of black people in the US city of Tulsa have been granted citizenship of Ghana, according to the Justice for Greenwood Foundation. 1,070 pages. From WKY-TV News, this documentary shares stories of Black Oklahomans from pre-statehood to the 1970s through rare photographs and interviews. The Williams Building, no.2 on Greenwood Ave., site of the Dreamland Theater, June 1, 1921, in Tulsa, Okla. Department of Special Collections, McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa. June 3, 1921June 10, 1921June 17, 1921June 24, 1921, The Morning Tulsa Daily WorldJune 1, 1921, extra editionJune 1, 1921, second extra editionJune 1, 1921, final edition, The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Heritage Preservation Grant Program, View the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection finding aid. Lansana, who has also authored a childrens book, Thabiti Lewis is professor of English and associate vice chancellor of academic affairs at Washington State University. When something is stolen from you, you go to the courts to be made whole. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre Kindle Edition by Randy Krehbiel (Author), Karlos K. Hill (Foreword) Format: Kindle Edition 377 ratings Kindle $16.43 Read with Our Free App Audiobook $0.00 Free with your Audible trial Great on Kindle Great Experience. And one of the ways to harmonize that dissonance is to bring the Black folks down a peg through violence.. ): Late in the battle as gunfire was sporadic, Jackson walked back to his home, after attending to victims, with his hands up. Early Oklahoma newspapers reported the Tulsa Race Massacre and its aftermath; below are just a few examples of those publications, which reflect the segregated media of the period. W.E.B. I still smell smoke and see fog. The elevator operator was seventeen-year-old Sarah Page, a white girl. The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission "The projects of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission will educate Oklahomans and Americans about the Race Massacre and its impact on the state and nation; remember its victims and survivors; and create an environment conducive to fostering sustainable entrepreneurship and heritage tourism within the Greenwood District . A disguised light-skinned African-American Tulsan overheard an ad hoc meeting of city officials plan a Greenwood invasion that night. During the course of eighteen terrible hours on May 31 and June 1, 1921, more than one thousand homes and businesses were destroyed, while credible estimates of deaths range . The difference in mortality rate in North Tulsa is 11 percent fewer years than whites in South Tulsa. He is the author of Tulsas Daily World: The Story of a Newspaper and Its Town. He was born in Huntsville, Alabama, on Christmas Day in 1868, and educated in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. 34 square blocks of Tulsa's . Among the counted dead was Dr. A. C. Jackson, a noted surgeon endorsed by the Mayo Clinic (the clinic acknowledged his prominence). 1 of 1 copy available at Potter-Tioga Library System. Johnson said the inability of Black people to accumulate wealth and transfer it intergenerationally is the root cause. OHS-204 - Case Dockets #16013-19166, 1921. Ruth Powers (H1983.101) The truth. On the morning of June 1, 1921, a white mob numbering in the thousands marched across the railroad tracks dividing black from white in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and obliterated a black community then celebrated as one of America's most prosperous. I lost myself in Tulsa in 1921 yesterday afternoon and into the evening. The building was demolished in 1924 to expand the First National Bank. 1,186 pages. She is a native Tulsan, co-creator of the Tulsa Syllabus and the archaeology project Mapping Historical Trauma in Tulsa from 1921-2021., Alicia Odewale; Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre. These PDFs contain thousands of pages from the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection. According to Tim Madigans The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, retired white Judge John Oliphant, Jacksons neighbor, testified that two young men trained their guns on the physician. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Alicia Odewale is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at The University of Tulsa. The written order, filed on Wednesday . Later that night, the armed Black men returned to protect Rowland and a fight broke out when a white man tried to disarm a Black man, prompting shooting that lasted through the night, the report said. But the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre is an example of the inability to transfer wealth intergenerationally because of disruptors some of these wealthy Black men, their wealth was lost in the massacre, and it was not restored.. Beginning on June 26, 1921, the Tulsa grand jury findings were published in newspapers. The other lingering issue is how Black wealth is generally one-tenth of white wealth. Tulsa police officers were identified by eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing. O.W. The city's "Black Wall Street" was among the most prosperous neighborhoods in America, and a Black utopia and then it was burned to the ground. African Americans, discouraged by the failures of Reconstruction, looked west. The next day Rowland was arrested at his home by two Tulsa police officers, one white and the other, Henry Pack, Black. Greenwood is just outside of North Tulsa, which is mostly Black, while South Tulsa is a mostly white area. The Bloomberg Philanthropies gave Tulsa $1 million for an expansive public art project called the Greenwood Art Project. African Americans had been around Oklahoma for a long time. I was told we had to leave and that was it. Publication. Every Negro was afforded the same treatment, regardless of his education or advantages. A massive share of people in Greenwood were left homeless. The only African American in the legislature, Currin authored Oklahomas first civil rights bill, which lost ratification by one vote as the territorial government proceeded to disenfranchise Blacks and pass its first Jim Crow laws. The fact that after the disaster none of them were convicted of crimes vindicates that position. eng. Quraysh Ali Lansana, an Oklahoma native and the acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation at Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, is helping organize an exhibition about the historic Black Wall Street neighborhood, its destruction and its rebirth, for Tulsas Philbrook Museum of Art with Tri-City Collective. From the terror of 31 May 1921 to. Social media was abuzz with people trying to find out more about Tulsa. The siblings, Lessie Benningfield Randle, 106, and some of the experts who testified called on Congress to provide reparations to the survivors and descendants of the massacre. Thabiti Lewis is professor of English and associate vice chancellor of academic affairs at Washington State University. John the Baptist Stradford bought properties and stores and completed the 54-room Stradford Hotel in 1918. Despite its severity and destructiveness, the Tulsa race massacre was barely mentioned in history books until the late 1990s, when a state commission was formed to document the incident. So as Gurley opened a boarding house, grocery stores and sold land to other Black people, they secured their own houses and opened businesses. Hannibal Johnson, author of Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsas Historic Greenwood District, said the area thrived as an ancillary economy that kept money within the community. This riot is covered extensively in Elliot M. Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917 (Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1966), and mentioned in the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), 217-18, hereafter referred to as Report on Civil Disorders, and in Alex L. Swan, "The Politics of Identification, a Perspective of . Both survived the conflict. The courts in Oklahoma wouldn't hear us. The population grew to 11,000 and the area became an economic powerhouse affectionately called Black Wall Street.. A. C. Jackson, physician and surgeon, saw patients at an office on Greenwood avenue and Archer Street. This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as The 1921 Tulsa Massacre: What Happened to Black Wall Streetin the Winter 2021issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us atpublications@neh.govif you are republishing it or have any questions. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Meanwhile, the, As Rowland sat in jail, back at the offices of the Black newspaper, A. J. Smitherman of the Tulsa Star led an impassioned discussion about how to protect him. In 1997 a Tulsa Race Riot Commission was formed by the state of Oklahoma to investigate the massacre and formally document the incident. This wasnt the case for us. The Black Dispatch The story of Tulsas Greenwood community, Events of the Tulsa Disaster was compiled by the Black stenographer Mary E. Jones Parrish and published by the Black community sometime after 1922. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Today marks 101 years since the Tulsa Race Massacre. Take me. Dont shoot him! After it was published, The Burning , like its subject matter . Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre Randy Krehbiel, Karlos K. Hill (Foreword) 3.83 298 ratings53 reviews In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. 2006.018. True deliverance for the people of Greenwood, however, came from within, as documented in their own record of the massacre and its aftermath. The mission of this organization was to study and provide a report of the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 that would also help to give reparations for the tragic losses of those from the Greenwood District. As city streets throbbed with protests (and what some might call uprisings) during the summer of 2020, two science fiction dramas recalled the massacre of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which took place 100 years ago this spring. The Guard helped round up and disarm at least four thousand African Americansmen, women, and childrenand marched them at gunpoint to makeshift detention camps at the Tulsa Convention Center and the McNulty Baseball Park as the mob in the early hours looted their homes. The Newberry Library received, in 2018, a $200,000 grant from NEH for Chicago Reflects on the 1919 Race Riots to support a variety of projects, including a website, public events, a digital exhibition, and classroom resources. This collection contains newspaper articles, interviews from survivors, death certificates, court cases filed against insurance companies, along with many photographs and statistics documenting the devastation that occurred during the eighteen-hour riot between May 31 and June 1, 1921. . "I could see planes circling in. The 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Commission was formed to investigate in 1997 and officially released a report in 2001. 1,229 pages. 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