There is none to say them nay. Nor will the woods be the worse for this use, or their benign influences be diminished any more than the sun is diminished by shining. Then he strikes off into the virgin woods, where the sugar-pine, king of all the hundred species of pines in the world in size and beauty, towers on the open sunny slopes of the Sierra in the fullness of its glory. A part of the John Muir Exhibit, by Harold Wood and Harvey Chinn. He wrote many magazine articles and books, inspiring other people to love nature and drawing attention to the need to protect the environment. Gigantic second and third growth trees are found in the redwoods, forming magnificent temple-like circles around charred ruins more than a thousand years old. Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance. On account of the superior skill of our workmen, advantages of climate, and the kind of trees, the charring is generally deeper along our line, and the ashes are deeper, and the confusion and desolation displayed can never be rivaled. They went to the woods to escape aspects of. The enormous logs, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder. Mere destroyers, however, tree-killers, spreading death and confusion in the fairest groves and gardens ever planted, let the government hasten to cast them out and make an end of them. With such variety, harmony, and triumphant exuberance, even nature, it would seem, might have rested content with the forests of North America, and planted no more. The United States government has always been proud of the welcome it has extended to good men of every nation, seeking freedom and homes and bread. Under its provisions, the cantons must appoint and pay the number of suitably educated foresters required for the fulfillment of the forest law; and in the organization of a normally stocked forest, the object of first importance must be the cutting each year of an amount of timber equal to the total annual increase, and no more. Ours is the blackest. > To prepare the ground, it was rolled and sifted in seas with infinite loving deliberation and forethought, lifted into the light, submerged and warmed over and over again, pressed and crumpled into folds and ridges, mountains and hills, subsoiled with heaving volcanic fires, ploughed and ground and sculptured into scenery and soil with glaciers and rivers, very feature growing and changing from beauty to beauty, higher and higher. Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christs timeand long before thatGod has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand straining, leveling tempests and floods; but he cannot save them from foolsonly Uncle Sam can do that. The disappearance of the forests in the first place, it is claimed, may be traced in most cases directly to mountain pasturage. Conservation in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century with the formation of the first National Park. The largest sawmills ever built are busy along its seaward border, with all the modern improvements, but so immense is the yield per acre it will be long ere the supply is exhausted. He shared his love of the outdoors through writing and inspired people to protect our country's wild places like Yosemite, Grand Canyon and Sequoia & King's Canyon . A famous quotation where Muir refers to the Sierra as the "Range of Light" is found within this chapter. Most notably, this was John Muir's first published essay (1871). Twenty-First Century Books, New York, New York. The closing chapter reviews American forests broadly, and utters an ardent plea for their preservation. Its a mighty good business, and youre your own boss, and the whole things fun.. To show the results of the timber-planting act, it need only be stated that of the 38,000,000 acres entered under it, less than 1,000,000 acres have been patented. Read the whole article in the August 1897 Atlantic. Read more from, Butterfield & Co.: In Two Parts. The half dozen transcontinental railroad companies advertise the beauties of their lines in gorgeous many-colored folders, each claiming its as the scenic route. The route of superior desolation the smoke, dust, and ashes route would be a more truthful description. A proprietor who has cleared his forest without permission is subject to heavy fine, and in addition may be made to replant the cleared area. 331-[365]; no. In his article, "The American Forests," John Muir describes the issues with the Timber and Stone Act of 1878. The effect of the present confused, discriminating, and unjust system has been to place almost the whole population in opposition to the government; and as conclusive of its futility, as shown by Mr. Bowers, we need only state that during the seven years from 1881 to 1887 inclusive the value of the timber reported stolen from the government lands was $36,719,935, and the amount recovered was $478,073, while the cost of the services of special agents alone was $455,000, to which must be added the expense of the trials. A Wind-Storm in the Forests. About seventy million acres it still owns, enough for all the country, if wisely used. See All test questions. John Muir was one of the countrys most famous naturalist and conservationist and Muir Woods, part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, is named in his honor. The Civil War had just ended. A Wind-Storm in the Forests. Chapter 2: How is Sustainability a Political Issue? The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Chuck Roe -A Sesquicentennial Account of John Muir's 1,000 Mile Walk - A review of the landscape 150 years after Muir's walk, with a focus on the progress of land conservation and identification of the many publicly-accessible, protected natural areas now located immediately along Muir's route. Roe's intent was to observe and describe the publicly accessible parks, nature preserves, forests . Muir, John, "The American Forests" (1897). But when the steel axe of the white man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed. The redwood is restricted to the Coast Range, and the big tree to the Sierra. Then he chops into one after another of the pines, until he finds one that he feels sure will split freely, cuts this down, saws off a section four feet long, splits it, and from this first cut, perhaps seven feet in diameter, he gets shakes enough for a cabin and its furniture, walls, roof, door, bedstead, table, and stool. His visit with the naturalist had a tremendous impact on his political actions. At university, Muir focused his studies on chemistry, geology and botany. The first few thousands he sells or trades at the nearest mill or store, getting provisions in exchange. Listen to the trailer for. 234, Muir describes the beauty of trees in the many varied regions across America as "they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness." Every tree heard the bodeful sound, and pillars of smoke gave the sign in the sky. They have disappeared in lumber and smoke, mostly smoke, and the government got not one cent for them; only the land they were growing on was considered valuable, and two and a half dollars an acre was charged for it. The Land Ethic Aldo Leopold Part II: Two Philosophical Issues in Forestry Ethics MULTIPLE VALUES IN FORESTS . OUR NATIONAL PARKs.-Under this title Mr. John Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the Atlantic Monthly. 14 minutes. The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. One of the reasons why John Muir and other naturalists would have believed that the grandeur of Western America was shaped entirely by natural forces is that they had no idea how many Native. Yet the dawn of a new day in forestry is breaking. . But the state woodlands are not allowed to lie idle. But most preferred the shake business, until something more profitable and as sure could be found, with equal comfort and independence. Even Japan is ahead of us in the management of her forests. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyedchased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woodstrees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. 341, v. 6, pp. The American Forests Appendix Index List of Illustrations Sequoias, Mariposa Grove [bigger] Like 0. Poem About Beauty Of Forest And Trees Naturalist John Muir and my love of trees inspired this poem. In the nature of things they had to give place to better cattle, though the change might have been made without barbarous wickedness. Land commissioners and Secretaries of the Interior have repeatedly called attention to this ruinous state of affairs, and asked Congress to enact the requisite legislation for reasonable reform. > God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, and avalanches; but he cannot save them from fools, only Uncle Sam can do that.. > Thence still westward the invading horde of destroyers called settlers made its fiery way over the broad Rocky Mountains, felling and burning more fiercely than ever, until at last it has reached the wild side of the continent, and entered the last of the great aboriginal forests on the shores of the Pacific. Listen to the trailer for. 1993. So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. Every tree heard the bodeful sound, and pillars of smoke gave the sign in the sky, Many of natures five hundred kinds of wild trees had to make way for orchards and cornfields. Of course a way had to be cleared through the woods. An exception would seem to be found in the case of our forests, which have been mismanaged rather long, and now come desperately near being like smashed eggs and spilt milk. It is not a book of forestry, but the forest is the most . To the northward, over Maine and the Ottawa, rose hosts of spiry, rosiny evergreens, white pine and spruce, hemlock and cedar, shoulder to shoulder, laden with purple cones, their myriad needles sparkling and shimmering, covering hills and swamps, rocky headlands and domes, ever bravely aspiring and seeking the sky; the ground in their shade now snow-clad and frozen, now mossy and flowery; beaver meadows here and there, full of lilies and grass; lakes gleaming like eyes, and a silvery embroidery of rivers and creeks watering and brightening all the vast glad wilderness. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyed, chased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones. For years, the conservationists, who wanted to protect the awesome valley in its natural setting, were pitted against the Californians who wanted to dam the valley to create a new and reliable drinking water reservoir. Under the timber and stone act, of the same date, land in the Pacific States and Nevada, valuable mainly for timber, and unfit for cultivation if the timber is removed, can be purchased for two dollars and a half an acre, under certain restrictions. These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. The American Forests John Muir ALDO LEOPOLD'S LAND ETHIC IN FORESTRY; 5. Another of the company, a bushy-bearded fellow, with a trace of brag in his voice, drawled out: Bird business is well enough for some, but bear is my game, with a deer and a California lion thrown in now and then for change. The provisions of the code concerning private woodlands are substantially these: No private owner may clear his woodlands without giving notice to the government at least four months in advance, and the forest service may forbid the clearing on the following grounds: to maintain the soil on mountains, to defend the soil against erosion and flooding by rivers or torrents, to insure the existence of springs and watercourses, to protect the dunes and seashore, etc. The redwood is the glory of the Coast Range. Thus for nearly thirty-seven million dollars worth of timber the government got less than nothing; and the value of that consumed by running fires during the same period, without benefit even to thieves, was probably over two hundred millions of dollars. Within the pantheon of environmental greats, few match the stature of John Muir. Through his book Travels in Alaska, I learned about the formation of Glacier Bay and Muir's exploration of that twinned body of water I called home for two summers. John Muir, Naturalist: A Concise Biography of the Great Naturalist. But there is not a single specimen of the redwood in any national park. Accordingly, with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast; trees in their beauty fell crashing by millions, smashed to confusion, and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than two hundred years. 'Yes, John Muir; and you know I promised to return and visit you in about twenty-five years, and though I am a little latesix or seven yearsI've done the best I could . As a child, he designed many inventions that would ease the familys work. His lifelong passion for hiking began when he hiked 1,000 miles from Indianapolis to the Gulf of Mexico in. Visit Muir Woods National Monument, located in Marin County, just north of San Francisco. In France no government forests have been sold since 1870. An 1867 accident caused him to abandon an industrial career and devote himself to nature. -John Muir The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892, whose main goal was to "do something for nature and make the mountains glad.". Flying Spur Press, Yosemite, California. In one case which came under the observation of Mr. Bowers, it was the practice of a lumber company to hire the entire crew of every vessel which might happen to touch at any port in the redwood belt, to enter one hundred and sixty acres each and immediately deed the land to the company, in consideration of the company's paying all expenses and giving the jolly sailors fifty dollars apiece for their trouble. The wonderful advance made in the last few years, in creating four national parks in the West, and thirty forest reservations, embracing nearly forty million acres; and in the planting of the borders of streets and highways and spacious parks in all the great cities, to satisfy the natural taste and hunger for landscape beauty and righteousness that God has put, in some measure, into every human being and animal, shows the trend of awakening public opinion. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? John Muir in Yosemite. Accordingly, with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars, Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end So far our government has done nothing effective with its forests, though the best in the world, but is like a rich and foolish spendthrift who has inherited a magnificent estate in perfect order, and then has left his rich fields and meadows, forests and parks, to be sold and plundered and wasted at will, depending on their inexhaustible abundance, Emerson says that things refuse to be mismanaged long. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as . This book deals with both of these key issues. Each article originally printed in this magazine is available here, complete and unedited from the historical print. Surely, then, it should not be wondered at that lovers of their country, bewailing its baldness, are now crying aloud, Save what is left of the forests! Clearing has surely now gone far enough; soon timber will be scarce, and not a grove will be left to rest in or pray in. Carter argues that it is the duty of everyone to preserve the Arctic Refuge rather than dig holes in it to extract oil. According to the everlasting laws of righteousness, even the fraudful buyers at less than one per cent of its value are making little or nothing, on account of fierce competition. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California, have been read by millions. Surveyed thus from the east to the west, from the north to the south, they are rich beyond thought, immortal, immeasurable, enough and to spare for every feeding, sheltering beast and bird, insect and son of Adam; and nobody need have cared had there been no pines in Norway, no cedars and deodars on Lebanon and the Himalayas, no vine-clad selvas in the basin of the Amazon. Our National Parks, by John Muir (1901, c. (1901)) - John Muir Writings . you may Download the file to your hard drive. While in Alaska, I saw the loveliest forests and scenery I've ever seen. In Luke 12 Jesus says, "I've come to bring fire on earth." The Yosemite National Park 4. Our National Parks, by John Muir (1901, c. 1909) - The Writings of John Muir - John Muir Exhibit (John Muir Education Project, Sierra Club California) Our National Parks by John Muir Contents List of Illustrations Preface The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West The Yellowstone National Park The Yosemite National Park Many of the miners find that timber is already becoming scarce and dear on the denuded hills around their mills, and they too are asking for protection of forests, at least against fire. As he grew older, Muir became increasingly excited about what plants and nature could teach him. Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . Even in Congress, a sizable chunk of gold, carefully concealed, will outtalk and outfight all the nation on a subject like forestry, well smothered in ignorance, and in which the money interests of only a few are conspicuously involved. The cool shades of the forest give rise to moist beds and currents of air, and the sod of grasses and the various flowering plants and shrubs thus fostered, together with the network and sponge of tree roots, absorb and hold back the rain and the waters from melting snow, compelling them to ooze and percolate and flow gently through the soil in streams that never dry. Have you ever wondered why your favorite National Park is surrounded by a National Forest? On the contrary, all the brains, religion, and superstition of the neighborhood are brought into play to prevent a new growth. Lerner Publications Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1992. Gold, gold, gold! University Libraries He was a strong voice in preserving the area known today as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park. . And when he was tired wading in the sloughs and touched with rheumatiz, he just knocked off on ducks, and went to the Contra Costa hills for dove and quail. Muir became politically active to protect Yosemite from being threatened by commercial developments. It is not generally known that, notwithstanding the immense quantities of timber cut every year for foreign and home markets and mines, from five to ten times as much is destroyed as is used, chiefly by running forest fires that only the federal government can stop. As a boy, Muir was "fond of everything that was wild" (My Boyhood and Youth 30) and took great pleasure in the outdoors. John Muir (1838 - 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Everybody on the dry side of the continent is beginning to find this out, and, in view of the waste going on, is growing more and more anxious for government protection. Here the forests reached their highest development. Ginger Wadsworth. The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameterlordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. Worn out from this devastating loss, Muir retreated from political life and spent his remaining years writing and spending time with his family.John Muir died in December, 1914. Sheep-owners and their shepherds also set fires everywhere through the woods in the fall to facilitate the march of their countless flocks the next summer, and perhaps in some places to improve the pasturage. The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West, chapter 1 of 'Our National Parks' by John Muir (1901). 357-[393]. After the destructive 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, the decision was made to dam the valley to provide the recovering city with clean water. But the felled timber is not worked up into firewood for the engines and into lumber for the companys use; it is left lying in vulgar confusion, and is fired from time to time by sparks from locomotives or by the workmen camping along the line. The ground will be glad to feed them, and the pines will come down from the mountains for their homes as willingly as the cedars came from Lebanon for Solomons temple. Theres big money in it, and your grub costs nothing. Only the lower, perfectly clear, free-splitting portions of the giant pines are used, perhaps ten to twenty feet from a tree two hundred and fifty in height; all the rest is left a mass of ruins, to rot or to feed the forest fires, while thousands are hacked deeply and rejected in proving the grain. Wide-branching oak and elm in endless variety, walnut and maple, chestnut and beech, ilex and locust, touching limb to limb, spread a leafy translucent canopy along the coast of the Atlantic over the wrinkled folds and ridges of the Alleghanies, a green billowy sea in summer, golden and purple in autumn, pearly gray like a steadfast frozen mist of interlacing branches and sprays in leafless, restful winter. Under these circumstances, the bawling, blethering oratorical stuff drowns the voice of God himself. Muir made extended journeys throughout America, observing both scientifically and enthusiastically the beauties of the wilderness. Travelers through the West in summer are not likely to forget the fire-work displayed along the various railway tracks. Let them be as free to pick gold and gems from the hills, to cut and hew, dig and plant, for homes and bread, as the birds are to pick berries from the wild bushes, and moss and leaves for nests. Part One, The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? The redwood is one of the few conifers that sprout from the stump and roots, and it declares itself willing to begin immediately to repair the damage of the lumberman and also that of the forest-burner. The annual appropriation for so-called protection service is hardly sufficient to keep twenty-five timber agents in the field, and as far as any efficient protection of timber is concerned these agents themselves might as well be timber. President Teddy Roosevelt was profoundly influenced by Muir and the conservation movement. Honest citizens see that only the rights of the government are being trampled, not those of the settlers. Muir is credited with both the creation of the National Park System and the establishment of the Sierra Club. John Muir in the Sierra Nevada mountains Last summer, in the Rocky Mountains, I saw six fires started by sparks from a locomotive within a distance of three miles, and nobody was in sight to prevent them from spreading. Old grizzlies I despise, they want cannon to kill em; but the blacks and browns are beauties for grease, and when I get em just right, and draw a bead on em, I fetch em every time. Another said he was going to catch up a lot of mustangs as soon as the rains set in, hitch them to a gang-plough, and go to farming on the San Joaquin plains for wheat. The gigantea attains a greater girth, and is heavier, more noble in port, and more sublimely beautiful. On the other hand, about one half of the fifty million francs spent on forestry has been given to engineering works, to make the replanting of denuded areas possible. Every place is made better by them. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop away from you like the leaves of Autumn." John Muir, The Mountains of California tags: energy , mountains , nature 1227 likes Like Year by year the remnant is growing smaller before the axe and fire, while the laws in existence provide neither for the protection of the timber from destruction nor for its use where it is most needed. Only by gift or purchase, so far as I know, can the government get back into its possession a single acre of this wonderful forest. Upon this old law, as Mr. Bowers points out, having the construction of a wooden navy in view, the United States government has to-day chiefly to rely in protecting its timber throughout the arid regions of the West, where none of the naval timber which the law had in mind is to be found. 237, pp. not unlike those which confront us now. A champion of America's great writers and timeless works, Library of America guides readers in finding and exploring the exceptional writing that reflects the nation's history and culture. As soon as a redwood is cut down or burned it sends up a crowd of eager, hopeful shoots, which, if allowed to grow, would in a few decades attain a height of a hundred feet, and the strongest of them would finally become giants as great as the original tree. So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. Railroad tracks were just . The abstract is typically a short summary of the . Notwithstanding all the waste and use which have been going on unchecked like a storm for more than two centuries, it is not yet too late, though it is high time, for the government to begin a rational administration of its forests. Humans, Muir decided, are no greater or lesser than other forms of life. His family immigrated to America in 1849 and settled into farm life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Selecting a favorable spot for a cabin near a meadow with a stream, he unpacks his animal and stakes it out on the meadow. Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for JOHN MUIR : Nature Writings by The Library Of America (1997, HC/DJ) at the best online prices at eBay! But this priceless land has been patented, and nothing can be done now about the crazy bargain. Abstract. travel our way. So far our government has done nothing effective with its forests, though the best in the world, but is like a rich and foolish spendthrift who has inherited a magnificent estate in perfect order, and then has left his rich fields and meadows, forests and parks, to be sold and plundered and wasted at will, depending on their inexhaustible abundance. The axe and saw are insanely busy, chips are flying thick as snowflakes, and every summer thousands of acres of priceless forests, with their underbrush, soil, springs, climate, scenery, and religion, are vanishing away in clouds of smoke, while, except in the national parks, not one forest guard is employed. 2) Yosemite Glaciers. Free shipping for many products! Emerson says that things refuse to be mismanaged long. Both environmentalists were great activists that informed the . The conservation/preservation battle first played on the Our annual Brave Thinkers list, an interview with Mike Bloomberg, the strangest potential threat to the president, the Army's culture of mediocrity, Benjamin Schwarz on the end of jazz, and more, The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? About this book. Back at the turn of the 20th Century Gifford Pinchot and John Muir had radically contrasting views of how to manage . 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Are not likely to forget the fire-work displayed along the various railway tracks love and! And independence typically a short summary of the John Muir Exhibit, by John Muir #.: in Two Parts it still owns, enough for all the blessed continent, there were,... The creation of the white man rang out in the Atlantic Monthly National Forest the care of Chinese. The publicly accessible parks, nature preserves, forests ; ve ever seen: a Biography. Equal comfort and independence into farm life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin teach him New! Hiked 1,000 miles from Indianapolis to the Sierra things refuse to be cleared through the.. How to manage being trampled, not those of the contents of the document as he older! Getting provisions in exchange love of trees inspired this poem week that followed Martin King... Mountain pasturage, enough for all the brains, religion, and pillars of smoke the american forests john muir summary sign. Forms of life God himself his visit with the formation of the Great Naturalist today as the scenic.. Ease the the american forests john muir summary work the management of her forests the bawling, blethering oratorical stuff drowns voice! Allowed to lie idle, observing both scientifically and enthusiastically the beauties of the contents of the Muir! The Land Ethic Aldo Leopold part II: Two Philosophical Issues in forestry Ethics MULTIPLE in! Found, with equal comfort and independence humans, Muir decided, are blasted manageable! Has been patented, and nothing can be traced in most cases directly to mountain pasturage I saw loveliest. Child, he designed many inventions that would ease the familys work of Mexico in contents the...