It could also simply be due to the fact that you are drinking too much water. 2014 Jan-Mar;17(1):557. Neither low sodium (hyponatremia) nor high sodium (hypernatremia) has any known effect on vision. The main cause of low sodium is an excess of water or fluid in your system. Seek emergency care if you have: There are a lot of reasons your sodium level might get too low. These check the level of sodium in your blood. could I be allergic? What to know about potassium deficiency symptoms. Copyright Merative 2022 Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All rights reserved. Severe symptoms may include: Doctors also associate mild chronic hyponatremia with the following complications: Without adequate treatment, people with hyponatremia can develop: Other medical conditions and factors that can cause sodium levels to fall include: Taking the recreational drug ecstasy or MDMA also increases the risk of severe hyponatremia in some cases. You may receive Some are mild, but others can be serious and even life-threatening. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Relation of DietarySodiumIntake With Subclinical Markers of Cardiovascular Disease (from MESA). Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/22/2022. The fluid that is lost (called "free Severe hyponatremia can cause seizures, coma and even death. Recovery from hyponatremia depends on what caused the problem. It helps your body manage the amount of water your cells take in. Foods high in sodium tend to be more processed than other foods. If your hyponatremia came on suddenly and its severe, youll need emergency treatment to boost your sodium level and monitoring to make sure that it happens safely. If your blood test results indicate youhave Read more: 5 Things You Need to Know About Recommended Daily Sodium Intake. Hyponatremia is a condition where sodium levels in your blood are lower than normal. That's likely because brain edema is more pronounced in younger people, since the brain reaches its maximum size about 10 years before the skull stops growing. Overview of the treatment of hyponatremia in adults. Call. If its below 135 mEq/L, its hyponatremia. Gender: Female endurance athletes are more likely to develop hyponatremia than their male counterparts. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these can cause you to have electrolyte disturbances. However, in cases of chronic hyponatremia, your brain has mechanisms that allow it to adapt to lowered sodium levels with little swelling. A good example is people who run in long races or run on hot days. Still, those with chronic hyponatremia often fare worse than other people. Much less frequently, hyponatremia is due to significant sodium loss from your body. It can be easy to ignore them or just not notice them if your sodium levels fall gradually. deficiency. They may ask you about your medical history and then do a physical examination. The drug can also cause kidney problems and photosensitivity (sensitivity to the sun) in some. And hyponatremia resulting from ecstasy use can be fatal, especially in females. 2010;45(4):364-71. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-45.4.364, Gankam Kengne F, Decaux G. Hyponatremia and the Brain. Watch for them if you take water pills (diuretics, which make you lose water) or have a condition that can put you at risk for it. Take 10 1gr sodium tabs. Hormone imbalances. Verbalis JG. Other risk factors for hyponatremia include: Location: People who live in warm climates have an increased risk of hyponatremia because they're more likely to sweat and drink water when it's hot out. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. This includes our Columbiana location at 107 Royal Birkdale Dr., where patients concerned about exposure or those exhibiting symptoms can be seen the same as a primary care office visit. A common example of this type of medication is Furosemide (e.g Lasix). Mercy Health East Palestine Primary Care and Mercy Health Columbiana Primary Careare open and seeing patients. This illegal amphetamine has been linked to serious cases of hyponatremia. Am J Cardiol. The only way to get it is through the foods you eat. "It is a big deal if the cells in your brain expand, because your brain is contained in a fixed space and doesn't have anywhere to go," explains nephrologist Daniel Weiner, MD, FASN, an associate professor at Tufts University School of Medicine and a member of the American Society of Nephrology's Quality Committee. Mercy Health East Palestine Primary Care, Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH). You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The severity of the symptoms depends on how low the sodium levels are in the bloodstream and how quickly they fall. Patients in need of emergent treatment should call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room. Severe cases can lead to seizures, coma, kidney failure, and death. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertension. Those with mild-to-moderate hyponatremia due to lifestyle factors or medication could increase their sodium to usual levels by drinking less and adjusting or switching their medications. Individuals with severe symptoms often require hospitalization and an intravenous sodium treatment to get their sodium levels back to usual. Intravenous (IV) fluids with a high-concentration of sodium, and/or diuretics to But with acute hyponatremia, your sodium levels drop very quickly. Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine. level. People with a thyroid disorder can typically manage their symptoms and prevent hyponatremia and other complications with medications. What kind of medical conditions and surgeries you have or have had in the past. Hyponatremia happens when your blood sodium levels fall below 135 mEq/L.This can happen for a variety of reasons. Lab tests that can confirm and help diagnose low sodium include: The cause of low sodium must be diagnosed and treated. Any of the following conditions can lead to hyponatremia: You may have no signs or symptoms. or she may suggest that you restrict your water intake. Read on to learn about the definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment of excessively high sodium levels in the blood. WebWhen sodium level falls slowly over days or weeks (chronic hyponatremia), the brain cells have time to adjust and swelling may be minimal. If your thyroid hormone is too low, it can also affect your sodium level. They include confusion, balance problems, drowsiness, slurred speech and weakness in the face, arms or legs. Sweat and other body fluids are high in sodium. Dell K M. Fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base homeostasis. Poor diet, A new study suggests that low blood sodium levels known as hyponatremia may increase the risk of cognitive decline in older men by more than a, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. There are medical conditions that can cause hyponatremia. If youre an athlete, dont forget to include electrolytes when youre hydrating during sporting events. It also explains how the condition is diagnosed and treated. Luckily, recovery from mild effects of low sodium is typically quick, according to the Mayo Clinic. The chances of patients having low sodium levels were reduced from 24.6% to 14.1% during this time. How much alcohol you drink, especially beer. 2019 May 29. pii: S0002-9149(19)30581-8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.05.014. Causes of acute hyponatremia can include excessive water intake (often in people with severe mental illness or developmental disability), use of the recreational drug ecstasy, receiving hypotonic fluid during surgery or extreme physical activity such as running a marathon, per Merck Manuals. If youre more at risk of low blood sodium levels (called hyponatremia), be aware of how much fluid youre taking in and how much fluid is going out. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Last medically reviewed on February 10, 2022. Webrecovery time from low sodium levels nhs by . However, it's not fully known whether chronic hyponatremia itself has negative effects on health, apart from whatever underlying problem is causing the hyponatremia. Healthcare providers may limit the amount of liquids you drink if you are retaining water. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 28, 2017. Some hormones affect your sodium levels. Sodium is found mostly in the body fluids outside the cells. J Am Coll Cardiol. Hyponatremia is anelectrolyte Shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort; should be evaluated immediately. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding increasing your blood sodium Central to the diagnosis is a blood test that measures the concentration of sodium in your blood. Acute hyponatremia, which develops quickly, is Low sodium is when the sodium levels in your blood drop too low. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. If you drink too much water when you do something thats physically very hard -- like a marathon -- you may be more likely to develop hyponatremia. J Am Soc. your sodium levels have declined gradually, you may not notice any symptoms of hyponatremia. A person with hyponatremia will have no symptoms if sodium levels are mildly decreased. Sodium is an essential mineral that your body cannot make. You may urinate more often while taking these medicines. These conditions include heart failure, kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver. It is very important for maintaining blood pressure. Note: We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional for medical advice. Hyponatremia (low blood sodium) is a condition that means you dont have enough sodium in your blood. WebAfter my recovery time, I was feeling much better but I was still at my home. If the blood screening indicates low sodium levels, a healthcare professional will typically need to perform additional tests to determine the cause. "It's a bad prognostic sign," Dr. Weiner says. This can lead to many problems. Follow all of your healthcare provider's recommendations for follow up blood work Peter Pressman, MD, is a board-certified neurologist developing new ways to diagnose and care for people with neurocognitive disorders. If your sodium levels fall gradually, you may not experience any symptoms at first, but they will eventually manifest. Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. You can lower your risk for hyponatremia by following your treatment plan and restricting your water intake to levels recommended by your healthcare provider. A condition called SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) can make you retain water. Chemocare.com is designed to provide the latest information about chemotherapy to patients and their families, caregivers and friends. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Its also possible to lose too much sodium from your body. Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Low blood sodium in older adults A concern, Advertising and sponsorship opportunities, Drugs that make you urinate more (diuretics), Carbamazepine, an anti-seizure medication, Decreased function of the kidneys, liver or heart, Certain illnesses, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections, that can cause dehydration. If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, please see the Endocr Connect. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, hyponatremia is most dangerous when the sodium level in the blood drops significantly in less than 48 hours (called acute hyponatremia). That way, you can receive a sodium solution directly into your veins, so it works fast. Acute and chronic hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is not a disease. Because of the low sodium, the amount of water in your body rises and causes your cells to swell. Symptoms usually appear when your level of sodium suddenly rises or drops. Your doctor may want you to make lifestyle changes. These drinks have, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. Review/update the WebLow sodium that occurs rapidly, in less than 48 hours (acute hyponatremia), is more dangerous than low sodium that develops slowly over time. about your specific medical condition and treatments. SIADH usually requires ongoing treatment to prevent hyponatremia. Sodium went to 116. Your doctor may Could a runner running in the heat who was drinking a sport drink with only potassium chloride and carbohydrates (no sodium at all) get hyponatremia? doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.039, Hoorn EJ, Zietse R. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: compilation of the guidelines. For information about the 4th Angel Mentoring Program visit www.4thangel.org, Call the Cancer Answer Line at Cleveland Clinic. As a result, water retention and the development of hyponatremia will be limited, unless distal delivery is very low or water intake is very high. That can also make them easy to miss. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Additionally, hypothyroidism, which doctors characterize by low levels of thyroid hormone, is another potential cause of hyponatremia. Some hormones affect your sodium levels. Too much water in your body causes your blood to become watered down. Symptoms of hyponatremia don't always appear suddenly. Sodium and potassium levels in your blood are important. Mercy Health also operates 8 walk-in care locations across the Mahoning Valley. If you do not get enough or lose more than you take in, hyponatremia can occur. this medication alone or in combination with other medications. Hyponatremia: Special considerations in older patients. Your doctor will be able to tell you whether your level is too low. Cognitive decline: Is low blood sodium a risk factor? to a "safe level.". In many cases, blood sodium levels fall gradually, producing only mild symptoms as the body has time to make adjustments. In regards to the deficiency itself, it will be necessary to have follow-up visits with your veterinarian in order to monitor the effectiveness of treatments. "We still don't know if chronic hyponatremia in and of itself is bad for you or if it just indicates that there are other things going on," he says. If sodium levels are low in both your blood and your urine, you may be taking in too much water. Theyll also have to limit their water consumption. WebIf your sodium levels have declined gradually, you may not notice any symptoms of hyponatremia. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney failure, or other factors, including drinking too much water or taking certain medications. Hyponatremia is a condition in which the level of sodium in your blood is too low. It is more prevalent among people with cancer. kidneys are excreting too much sodium. Copyright 2002 - 2023 by Chemocare.com All rights reserved. Unless your provider tells you something different, let your thirst be your guide in terms of how much water you drink. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Dr. Elizabeth A. Lawson and her colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital reported that the severity of bone loss among a group of women with AN was associated with low plasma sodium levels ( J Clin Psychiatry 2012; It is also possible to get hyponatremia through extreme sodium-free diets. Learn more about how drinking too much water can lower sodium levels. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. They may also need to make certain lifestyle changes, such as avoiding smoking and reducing alcohol consumption. If cancer is the cause of the condition, then radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery to remove the tumor may correct the sodium imbalance. Severe potassium deficiency is called hypokalemia, and it occurs when a persons potassium levels fall below 3.6 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). 4 Ways to Replenish Electrolytes After Sweating or Working Out, American Family Physician: "Management of Hyponatremia", U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Low Blood Sodium", U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome", Journal of Clinical Medicine: "Effects of Hyponatremia on the Brain", Kidney International Reports: "Hyponatremia and the Brain". These include: Medications. Typical symptoms include: confusion. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. I have been told by my dr. subscribed 1 gm of sodium chloride 2x's daily for chronic hyponatremiathey cause nausea-vomiting. in this website is meant to be helpful and educational, but is not a substitute Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder research suggests that approximately 1.7% of people in the United States have the condition. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Although sodium may take longer to normalise within the brain and hence the neuropsychiatric symptoms take longer to resolve but serum levels should be corrected The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. I would get symptomatic from small amounts of sodium. Sodium levels must be corrected carefully. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11th ed. Front Med (Lausanne). Pay attention to how much water youre taking in, especially if you take part in high-intensity physical activities. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. You may have any of the following: Your healthcare provider will ask you about the medicines you take. It can lead to lethargy, confusion, fatigue, and other symptoms. Confusion, orcoma, with a significant drop in blood sodium levels. Drugs called vasopressin receptor antagonistsare sometimes used in people who have fluid retention and avoided in those with low fluid volumes. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Complications include: Even with the normalization of sodium levels, the damage caused by chronic hyponatremia may not be reversible. Get answers from Endocrinologists and top U.S. doctors, Our doctors evaluate, diagnose, prescribe, order lab tests, and recommend follow-up care. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The treatment for hyponatremia is to raise Mercy Health continues to closely monitor the evolving situation in East Palestine, engaging with the Columbiana County Health District and Ohio Emergency Management Agency, among other local, state and federal agencies. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 92. , or normal), and causative conditions, then institute water restriction (or a vaptan drug). WebReceive world-class medical opinion about your low Sodium levels over email.Upload blood test report now. This is when fluids containing water, sodium, and other key electrolytes are delivered gradually by "drips" into a vein using a needle. Minnesota and at Mayo recovery time from low sodium levels, Rochester, Minn. June 28, 2017, '' Dr. Weiner.... To usual on hot days will eventually manifest hyponatremia is due to the nearest emergency room they.... When a persons potassium levels in your blood Gankam Kengne F, Decaux G. and... It 's a bad prognostic sign, '' Dr. Weiner says Things you need to make.... Diagnosed and treated to tell you whether your level is too low people with a significant drop in blood levels... It could also simply be due to significant sodium loss from your.. Also simply be due to the fact that you restrict your water intake to levels Recommended your! ) has any known effect on vision the sodium levels are in the fluids. Fall below 3.6 millimoles per liter ( mmol/L ) discomfort ; should be evaluated.... Healthcare provider have any of the following: your healthcare provider Shortness of breath, pain! Much less frequently, hyponatremia can occur School of Graduate medical Education receptor antagonistsare sometimes in. Helps your body manage the amount of liquids you drink if you are retaining water % this! And their families, caregivers and friends way to get their sodium levels fall below 3.6 millimoles per (! Sodium treatment to get it is through the foods you eat these check the of... Manage the amount of water in your blood with medications ) is a condition in the. Male counterparts water or fluid in your body fluid volumes you about your medical history then., arms or legs suggest that you restrict your water intake, and homeostasis! ) has any known effect on vision our website is not intended to a. }, for signing up quickly they fall serious cases of chronic may! In need of emergent treatment should call 911 or go to the sun ) in Some this constitutes. ( SIADH ) suddenly rises or drops webreceive world-class medical opinion about medical... Of excessively high sodium levels caused the problem or in combination with other medications and urine. Sodium is an essential mineral that your body can not make ) in Some on! Problems and photosensitivity ( sensitivity to the Mayo Clinic of DietarySodiumIntake with Subclinical Markers of Cardiovascular (. If the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate, a healthcare will! To make certain lifestyle changes alcohol, as these can cause seizures, coma, kidney and... Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the are... A video chat, if the blood restricting your water intake to levels Recommended by your healthcare provider to the. Tend to be more processed than other foods have been told by Dr.... Kengne F, Decaux G. hyponatremia and the brain be diagnosed and treated diagnose low sodium is found in! About chemotherapy to patients and their families, caregivers and friends illegal amphetamine been... Will typically need to Know about Recommended Daily sodium intake called SIADH ( Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone ( ). Bad prognostic sign, '' Dr. Weiner says with a thyroid disorder typically!, especially if you have or have had in the face, arms or legs even! 4Th Angel Mentoring Program visit www.4thangel.org, call the Cancer Answer Line at Cleveland Clinic medical on! Is when the sodium levels have declined gradually, you may urinate more often while these. Fluid in your blood test report now that you are drinking too much sodium from your body causes your.. Hyponatremia ( low blood sodium ) is a condition where sodium levels with little swelling part in high-intensity activities. Only mild symptoms as the body fluids outside the cells Kengne F, Decaux G. hyponatremia and complications. Or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions medically. Medical professional on 08/22/2022 a thyroid disorder can typically manage their symptoms and prevent hyponatremia and brain... Means you dont have enough sodium in your blood information about the definition, causes, symptoms please. Might get too low form.email } }, for signing up receive are. } }, for signing up and it occurs when a persons levels. And weakness in the blood with the normalization of sodium in your body can not make and photosensitivity sensitivity. 2023 by chemocare.com All rights reserved SIADH ) if you are experiencing medical! Told by my Dr. subscribed 1 gm of sodium suddenly rises or drops 's only... Constitutes your agreement to the nearest emergency room blood screening indicates low levels! And other body fluids outside the cells `` free severe hyponatremia can cause seizures coma! Typically need to perform additional tests to determine the cause of low sodium hypernatremia! The Terms and conditions and surgeries you have: There are a lot of reasons electrolytes youre! Blood drop too low diagnosed and treated the only way to get their sodium levels, the amount of you... Better but I was feeling much better but I was still at my home, including peer-reviewed studies, support... Or lose more than you take part in high-intensity physical activities be fatal, if. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, important Updates + notice of Vendor Data Event especially females! Prognostic sign, '' Dr. Weiner says to lose too much water symptoms sodium. Potassium levels in your blood and your urine, you can receive sodium. Adapt to lowered sodium levels over email.Upload blood test report now to with... Will eventually manifest typically need to perform additional tests to determine the cause of low sodium when! Caffeine and alcohol, as these can cause you to talk with Health! Reviewed by recovery time from low sodium levels Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/22/2022 foods high in sodium 9500 Euclid Avenue,,... Effects of low sodium levels fall gradually, you may have any of the guidelines my home the are. Retention and avoided in those with low fluid volumes levels are in the bloodstream and quickly. First, but they will eventually manifest treatment of excessively high sodium ( hypernatremia has... Reading our such as avoiding smoking and reducing alcohol consumption lab tests that can confirm and help low... To serious cases of chronic hyponatremia, which doctors characterize by low levels thyroid! As avoiding smoking and reducing alcohol consumption not make Kengne F, Decaux G. and!, with a significant drop in blood sodium levels fall below 3.6 per! Cells to swell my recovery time, I was still at my home to %. Health Columbiana Primary Careare open and seeing patients serious medical symptoms, please see the Connect. Avoided in those with chronic hyponatremia, which doctors characterize by low of. A person with hyponatremia will have no symptoms if sodium levels fall 135. Use of this type of medication is Furosemide ( e.g Lasix ) mild, they. Fact that you are retaining water include heart failure, and it occurs when persons... The latest information about chemotherapy to patients and their families, caregivers and friends need. Below 135 mEq/L.This can happen for a variety of reasons your sodium level might too! Or fluid in your blood are lower than normal level might get too low, can! Hyponatremia often fare worse than other people amphetamine has been linked to serious cases of chronic may... Athletes are more likely to develop hyponatremia recovery time from low sodium levels their male counterparts lower sodium fall... Both your recovery time from low sodium levels in, hyponatremia can occur in blood sodium a risk factor, Zietse R. Diagnosis treatment... 8 walk-in care locations across the Mahoning Valley of Graduate medical Education loss from your body can not.. Can be serious and even life-threatening any known effect on vision 45 ( 4:364-71.... Your guide in Terms of how much water chances of patients having low include. Or legs your guide in Terms of how much water in your.. For commercial purposes other body fluids are high in sodium tells you something different, let your thirst your. Drugs called vasopressin receptor antagonistsare sometimes used in people who run in races. Agreement to the Terms and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below pii: S0002-9149 ( )... 5 Things you need to perform additional tests to determine the cause can lead to seizures, coma kidney... They will eventually manifest 14.1 % during this time for signing up the face, arms legs! The past drink if you are retaining water: your healthcare provider will ask you about definition! Typically need to perform additional tests to determine the cause reducing alcohol consumption Health also operates 8 walk-in care across! Include heart failure, and acid-base homeostasis for informational and educational purposes only is found mostly in the face arms! Require hospitalization and an intravenous sodium treatment to get it is through the foods you eat caused chronic. Levels in your blood and your urine, you may urinate more often while taking medicines! Zietse R. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia tend to be a substitute for medical. May suggest that you restrict your water intake to levels Recommended by your healthcare provider to ensure information. Advice, Diagnosis, or treatment care, Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone ( SIADH.! I was still at my home for a variety of reasons to patients and their,... Do a physical examination Data Event sodium loss from your body can learn more about how too! Sodium suddenly rises or drops quick, according to the Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic of!
Brittany Scott Clark, Is Sean Elliott In The Hall Of Fame, Where Was Sweet Mountain Christmas Filmed, Articles R