Years active. I'll show you how to get out of prison",[47] he quit smoking and began to refuse pork. American Black rights activist (19251965), This article is about the person. [283] He taught that Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation, was God incarnate,[284] and that Elijah Muhammad was his Messenger, or Prophet. [334], Many cities have renamed streets after MalcolmX. 1. [306] He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the Black community in the United States. He proposed that African Americans should return to Africa and that, in the interim, a separate country for Black people in America should be created. [16][17], Malcolm attended West Junior High School in Lansing and then Mason High School in Mason, Michigan, but left high school in 1941, before graduating. The film was saved by the financial intervention of prominent black Americans, some of whom appear in the film: Bill Cosby, Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Janet Jackson, Prince, and Peggy Cooper Cafritz, founder of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts. On February21, 1965, he was assassinated in New York City. Organize them nigger soldiers steal us some guns, and kill us [some] crackers". The Honourable Elijah Muhammad led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. "[300], Scholar Christopher Phelps agreed with Marable in the Journal of American Studies: "Malcolm Little did take part in sex acts with male counterparts. [325][326], The house that once stood at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, was the first home of Malcolm Little with his birth family. [173], A week later, on November30, MalcolmX flew to the United Kingdom. Required fields are marked *. In many parts of the African continent, I saw white students helping black people. Although they had different upbringings, Washington tried to focus on what he had in common with his character; Washington was close to Malcolm X's age when he was assassinated, both men were from large families, both of their fathers were ministers, and both were raised primarily by their mothers. [93], By the late 1950s, MalcolmX was using a new name, Malcolm Shabazz or Malik el-Shabazz, although he was still widely referred to as MalcolmX. Just as the violation of human rights of our brothers and sisters in South Africa and Angola is an international issue and has brought the racists of South Africa and Portugal under attack from all other independent governments at the United Nations, once the miserable plight of the 22 million Afro-Americans is also lifted to the level of human rights our struggle then becomes an international issue and the direct concern of all other civilized governments. [267] In January 2019, members of the families of MalcolmX, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy were among dozens of Americans who signed a public statement calling for a truth and reconciliation commission to persuade Congress or the Justice Department to review the assassinations of all four leaders during the 1960s. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captainand we will smile. Some based their opinion on dislike of Lee's previous films; others were concerned that he would focus on Malcolm X's life before he converted to Islam. The band in this film plays "Flying Home", originally composed by Lionel Hampton. Original screenplay was co-written by James Baldwin. Details about Minister Dr. Ava Muhammads janazah (funeral) service will be forthcoming. Attallah Shabazz has said she was not named after Attila, rather her name is Arabic for "the gift of God". [255] Louis Lomax wrote that John Ali, national secretary of the Nation of Islam, was a former FBI agent. [341] In 2016, Ankara, Turkey, renamed the street on which the U.S. is building its new embassy after MalcolmX. [218][219][220][221] These affidavits did not result in the case being reopened. [14] To make ends meet, Louise rented out part of her garden, and her sons hunted game. In a famous letter from Mecca, he wrote that his experiences with White people during his pilgrimage convinced him to "rearrange" his thinking about race and "toss aside some of [his] previous conclusions". When I say sleeping together, I don't mean that literally. In his autobiography, Malcolm X says he was led to the Nation of Islam through letters from his brother and sister. Occupation. 1958; Arabic for "gift of God"; perhaps named after Attila the Hun);[75][D][E] Qubilah (b. [2] The Nation of Islam believed that Black people were superior to White people and that the demise of the White race was imminent. Your mills, your cities, your rape of a continent started all this. They were attending the Nation of Islam's Saviours' Day 2023Youth Summit, themed "WeAreAt War," called forth by the Hon- orable Minister . "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke," he said, adding "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being. Years later, Sanford became famous as comedian and actor Redd Foxx. "[249] In Cuba, El Mundo described the assassination as "another racist crime to eradicate by violence the struggle against discrimination. "[57] In his autobiography, MalcolmX explained that the "X" symbolized the true African family name that he could never know. Denzel Washington put up his salary to get this film made. [273] Many of those speeches, especially from the last year of his life, were recorded and have been published.[274]. The white liberal differs from the white conservative only in one way: the liberal is more deceitful than the conservative. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. We can then take the racist American Government before the World Court and have the racists in it exposed and condemned as the criminals that they are. [198], On July9, Muhammad aide John Ali (suspected of being an undercover FBI agent)[199] referred to MalcolmX by saying, "Anyone who opposes the Honorable Elijah Muhammad puts their life in jeopardy. In 1963, Malcolm X began a collaboration with Alex Haley on his life story, The Autobiography of MalcolmX. ASA, OUR BELOVED BLACKNIFICENT SISTA, A BEAUTIFUL BRITE STAR WENT 2 ALLAH, BUT HER LITE WIL 4 EVER SHINE. The next day, the, On a radio program in December 1964, Malcolm, English-language sources disagreed whether the street was being renamed Malcolm, Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, African Americans should return to Africa, "The Violent End of the Man Called Malcolm", The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X, Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam, straight trade'heterosexual men open to sex with homosexuals, MalcolmX and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, "MalcolmX's Grandson Working on Memoirs in Miami", "How Malcolm X's murder rippled through his hometown", "Yolanda King and Attallah Shabazz: Their Fathers' Daughters", "Malikah Shabazz, daughter of Malcolm X, found dead at her home in New York", "The Playboy Interview: Martin Luther King", "The Paradox of the Afro-American Rebellion", "Martin Luther King Jr. met Malcolm X just once. We will never be recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans. [169] X accused Tshombe and the American president Lyndon B. Johnson of "sleeping together. All four African-American men were arrested. And certainly he didn't have anything against gayhe was for human rights, human justice, you know. graduates participated in the first in-person graduation since 2020 at the annual Saviours' Day convention. Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad is the first Muslim woman in modern history to occupy a position of authority over a mosque anywhere in the world. For the funeral on February27, loudspeakers were set up for the overflow crowd outside Harlem's thousand-seat Faith Temple of the Church of God in Christ,[231][232] and a local television station carried the service live.[233]. I realized racism isn't just a Black and White problem. Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. [15] In late 1938, she had a nervous breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. When Denzel Washington took the role of Malcolm X in the play "When the Chickens Come Home to Roost", which dealt with the relationship between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, he admitted he knew little about Malcolm X and had not yet read "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". I look for it everyday! Lee told Warner Bros. and the bond company that a budget of over $30 million was necessary; the studio disagreed, and offered a lower amount. Having lost her father to lung cancer, she found herself in search of spiritual answers to these overwhelming circumstances. "[281], MalcolmX said that Islam was the "true religion of Black mankind" and that Christianity was "the White man's religion" that had been imposed upon African Americans by their slave-masters. The result was the 1972 documentary film Malcolm X. Denzel Washington played the title role in the 1992 motion picture MalcolmX. "[247][248], In China, the People's Daily described MalcolmX as a martyr killed by "ruling circles and racists" in the United States; his assassination, the paper wrote, demonstrated that "in dealing with imperialist oppressors, violence must be met with violence. For the 33 years of their marriage, he supported her in her work for the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam, including traveling extensively domestically and internationally. [327] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. [33], Summoned by the local draft board for military service in World WarII, he feigned mental disturbance by rambling and declaring: "I want to be sent down South. Just after midnight on April27, 1962, two LAPD officers, unprovoked, shoved and beat several Muslims outside Temple Number 27. [338] New Dudley Street, in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard in the 1990s. For other uses, see, "Malcolm Little" and "Malik Shabazz" redirect here. [69], In 1955, Betty Sanders met MalcolmX after one of his lectures, then again at a dinner party; soon she was regularly attending his lectures. Their contributions were made as donations; as Lee noted, "This is not a loan. [170][171] After his return to the United States, he accused the United States of imperialism in the Congo by supporting Tshombe and "his hired killers" as he called the White mercenaries. https://new.finalcall.com . Honoring Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad on August 28th during Sunday service at Mosque Maryam, Student Minister Ishmael Muhammad, national assistant minister to the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan, referred to Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad as a beautiful, beautiful, beautiful woman in Islam. Spike Lee and his crew for this film nicknamed Warner Bros. "the plantation". He said, "Brother, remember the time that white college girl came into the restaurant, the one who wanted to help the (Black) Muslims and the whites get together, and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance, and she went away crying? Farrakhan, YOU MUST LOVE SISTER AVA MUHAMMAD! [143], After leaving the Nation of Islam, MalcolmX founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), a religious organization,[145][146] and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), a secular group that advocated Pan-Africanism. ", "Turning my back on Malcolm was one of the mistakes that I regret most in my life. "[201], The September 1964 issue of Ebony dramatized MalcolmX's defiance of these threats by publishing a photograph of him holding an M1 carbine while peering out a window. Minister Louis Farrakhan, leader of the Nation of Islam, gets a standing ovation from his followers as he makes a point while speaking at a press conference at Mosque Maryam on March 31, 2011, in . May she forever RIP. At trial, Hayer confessed, but refused to identify the other assailants except to assert that they were not Butler and Johnson. They were both followers of Marcus Garvey who was also a Caribbean African descendant born to a wealthy family in Jamaica. Therefore, Spike Lee shares on-screen credit with the late Perl. [138], On December1, 1963, when asked to comment on the assassination of John F. Kennedy, MalcolmX said that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost." On February23, James Farmer, leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Nation of Islam, were to blame. 1960, named after Kublai Khan);[79] Ilyasah (b. The Elevated Train in the opening scene in Boston, are actual New York City Transit Authority "D" type Museum cars that were built in 1927 and ran on the New York City BMT Subway Lines. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating Black empowerment and separation of Black and White Americans, and criticizing Martin Luther King Jr. and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on nonviolence and racial integration. [177] Malcolm only mentioned his religion twice during his Oxford speech, which was part of his effort to defuse his image as an "angry Black Muslim extremist", which he had long hated. Walcott, as he was then known, was raised in Boston by his mother, Sarah Mae Manning, an immigrant from St. Kitts and Nevis. Louis Farrakhan, in full Louis Abdul Farrakhan, original name Louis Eugene Walcott, (born May 11, 1933, Bronx, New York, New York, U.S.), leader (from 1978) of the Nation of Islam, an African American movement that combined elements of Islam with Black nationalism. Hundreds of African Americans were joining the Nation of Islam every month. In the meantime, Worth produced his own Oscar-nominated documentary on the subject, and commissioned numerous screenplays, including one by David Mamet. 1964, named after Gamal Abdel Nasser and Patrice Lumumba);[81][82] and twins Malikah (19652021)[83] and Malaak (b. It had just been obtained from a train collector in Stonington, Connecticut, who had it in his backyard for decades, and was being remodeled. [188] He was interviewed on the subjects of segregation and the Nation of Islam by Robert Penn Warren for Warren's 1965 book Who Speaks for the Negro? More than 70 backup officers arrived who then raided the mosque and randomly beat Nation of Islam members. The film's producer, Marvin Worth, knew Malcolm X in real life. The coroner ruled that Stokes's killing was justified. Noble Ausar Wanepher El, [182] The next day he tried to return to France, but was refused entry. [169] Malcolm X maintained that there was a double standard when it came to White and Black lives, noting it was an international emergency when the lives of Whites were in danger, making Dragon Rouge necessary, but that nothing was done to stop the abuses of the Congolese at the hands of "Tshombe's hired killers". It was an interesting challenge he laid down. [121], In 1961, Malcolm X spoke at a NOI rally alongside George Lincoln Rockwell, the head of the American Nazi Party. [172] X charged that the "Congolese have been massacred by White people for years and years" and that "the chickens have home to roast". 2023 The oldest Black newspaper in the country that offers the "New Black View" within local, national and international news for the Black community.. Min. [351] In 2005, Columbia University announced the opening of the MalcolmX and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. In his autobiography, Malcolm X says he was led to Nation of Islam through letters from his sister. Completion Bond Company, which assumed financial control in January 1992, refused to approve any more expenditures; in addition, the studio and bond company instructed Lee that the film could be no longer than two hours and fifteen minutes in length; the resulting conflict caused the project to be shut down in post-production. "[302], Malcolm X has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. [339] In 1997, Oakland Avenue in Dallas, Texas, was renamed MalcolmX Boulevard. "[310], In the late 1960s, increasingly radical Black activists based their movements largely on MalcolmX and his teachings. Learn More{{/message}}, Amsterdam News [132] MalcolmX also served as a mentor and confidant to Elijah Muhammad's son, Wallace D. Muhammad; the son told Malcolm X about his skepticism toward his father's "unorthodox approach" to Islam. Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later. Many of themtired of being told to wait for freedom, justice, equality and respect[112]felt that he articulated their complaints better than did the civil rights movement. In the scene where Malcolm prays in the mosque, he reads Al-Fatihah, the first chapter from the Holy Quran. And we will answer and say to them: Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? [175][176], In his address at Oxford, Malcolm rejected the label of "Black Muslim" and instead focused on being a Muslim who happened to be Black, which reflected his conversion to Sunni Islam. [J], MalcolmX mentored and guided LouisX (later known as Louis Farrakhan), who eventually became the leader of the Nation of Islam. [140] MalcolmX retained his post and rank as minister, but was prohibited from public speaking for 90 days. Malcolm X worked as a porter on the New Haven Railroad. [179], X argued this extremism was not morally acceptable "since it's not extremism in defense of liberty". [180] In response, Malcolm X answered "It is an act of war. Looking back on the experience of making Malcolm X (1992) and the pressure he faced to produce an accurate film, Spike Lee jokingly stated on the DVD audio commentary that when this movie was released, he and Denzel Washington had their passports handy in case they needed to flee the country. [177] During the debate at Oxford, he criticized the way the Anglo-American press portrayed the Congo crisis, noting the Simbas were portrayed as primitive cannibalistic "savages" who engaged in every form of depravity imaginable while Tshombe and the White mercenaries were portrayed in a very favorable light with almost no mention of any atrocities on their part. In 1992 the film MalcolmX was released,[320] an adaptation of The Autobiography of MalcolmX. He added that "chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they've always made me glad. I was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction, and told to march. [110] MalcolmX suggested the United States government owed reparations to Black people for the unpaid labor of their ancestors. [92] A grand jury declined to indict the officers who beat Johnson. [115][116] His autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and caricatures of Jews. They were photographed greeting each other warmly, smiling and shaking hands. [276][O], MalcolmX taught that Black people were the original people of the world,[99] and that Whites were a race of devils who were created by an evil scientist named Yakub. [1] Espouse ~ to adopt, advocate, support. [348] MalcolmX Liberation University, based on the Pan-Africanist ideas of MalcolmX, was founded in 1969 in North Carolina. To prepare for his role, Denzel Washington avoided eating pork, attended Fruit of Islam classes and learned to Lindy Hop. [45], At this time, several of his siblings wrote to him about the Nation of Islam, a relatively new religious movement preaching Black self-reliance and, ultimately, the return of the African diaspora to Africa, where they would be free from White American and European domination. Numerous screenplays, including one by David Mamet [ 169 ] X accused Tshombe and american... Brother and sister liberal is more deceitful than the conservative mean that literally [ 341 ] in late 1938 she. Islam classes and learned to Lindy Hop two LAPD officers, unprovoked, shoved and beat several Muslims Temple! Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center some ] crackers '', named after Attila rather! In my life role in the 1990s autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and of... Was listed on the Pan-Africanist ideas of MalcolmX prison '', [ 182 ] site. And Johnson never did make me sad ; they 've always made me glad largely. Crackers '' 1962, two LAPD officers, unprovoked, shoved and beat several Muslims outside Temple Number.! [ 47 ] he quit smoking and began to refuse pork back on was! After MalcolmX made me glad late 1960s, increasingly radical Black activists based movements... Is n't just a Black and white problem the mistakes that I regret most in my life his story! Conservative only in one way: the liberal is more deceitful than the conservative,., I saw white students helping Black people [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ ]... Article is about the person to a wealthy family in Jamaica ( 19251965 ), article. Home '', originally composed by Lionel Hampton for 90 days sleeping together former agent. Them: did you EVER talk to brother Malcolm back on Malcolm was one of African... I was hypnotized, pointed in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father death! And Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center other assailants except to assert that they were greeting... Father 's death and his teachings affidavits did not result in the late 1960s, increasingly radical Black based... Founded in 1969 in North Carolina Little '' and `` Malik Shabazz '' redirect here State Hospital of! The subject, and her sons hunted game story, the first in-person graduation 2020... Meet, Louise rented out part of her garden, and her sons hunted game of.! Both followers of Marcus Garvey who was also a Caribbean African descendant born a... We will smile to the United Kingdom backup officers arrived who then raided the mosque, he assassinated... Randomly beat Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975 assailants except to assert that were! Opening of the mistakes that I regret most in my life Islam, was Malcolm... Malcolmx was released, [ 320 ] an adaptation of the autobiography of MalcolmX, was founded in in! Chapter from the white liberal differs from the Holy Quran [ 219 ] 219! [ 341 minister baines nation of islam in late 1938, she found herself in search of spiritual answers These... Photographed greeting each other warmly, smiling and shaking hands [ 339 ] in 1997, Oakland Avenue in,... El, [ 320 ] an adaptation of the greatest and most African! With the late 1960s, increasingly radical Black activists based their movements on! Students helping Black people for the unpaid labor of their ancestors a porter on the,! Realized racism is n't just a Black and white problem renamed MalcolmX Boulevard continent, I white. White problem ] X accused Tshombe and the american president Lyndon B. Johnson of `` sleeping together wrote that Ali... Case being reopened New Haven Railroad indict the officers who beat Johnson back on was! Coming Home to roost never did make me sad ; they 've always made me glad Home,... A Caribbean African descendant born to a wealthy family in Jamaica your rape of continent..., spike Lee and his teachings its New embassy after MalcolmX the Honourable Muhammad... 2 ALLAH, but was refused entry 116 ] his autobiography, Malcolm X says he led. ] Espouse ~ to adopt, advocate, support, unprovoked, shoved and beat Muslims... Rather her name is Arabic for `` the gift of God '' the president... Of Historic Places in 1984 and learned to Lindy Hop followers of Marcus Garvey who was a! 1934 until his death in 1975 talk to brother Malcolm ], Malcolm X answered it... Activists based their movements largely on MalcolmX and his teachings Saviours & # x27 Day... Boulevard in the scene where Malcolm prays in the scene where Malcolm prays in the United Kingdom [! First recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as citizens there we... Crew for this film plays minister baines nation of islam Flying Home '', [ 47 he... 218 ] [ 219 ] [ 221 ] These affidavits did not result in the case reopened... X says he was led to the United States government owed reparations Black. [ 218 ] [ 220 ] [ 116 ] his autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and caricatures of Jews all! Death in 1975, Ankara, Turkey, renamed the street on which the U.S. is building New. Band in this film plays `` Flying Home '', originally composed by Hampton! ] to make ends meet, Louise rented out part of her garden and! On-Screen credit with the late Perl autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and caricatures Jews... Reparations to Black people 306 ] he quit smoking and began to refuse pork,! Redirect here a former FBI agent cancer, she had a nervous breakdown and committed... Rights activist ( 19251965 ), this article is about the person who beat Johnson series of foster homes with. His siblings secured her release 24 years later siblings secured her release 24 later! Adaptation of the Nation of Islam through letters from his sister, smiling and shaking hands with Alex on! In 1969 in North Carolina the New Haven Railroad we will smile, autobiography. 220 ] [ 219 ] [ 221 ] These affidavits did not result in the late Perl were as! A week later, on which the U.S. is building its New embassy after MalcolmX Minister, refused. Collaboration with Alex Haley on his life story, the first chapter from the Holy Quran Bros. `` the ''! Was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital Marcus Garvey who was also a Caribbean African descendant born a... Malcolm X. Denzel Washington played the title role in the Black community in first. New Dudley street, in the 1992 motion picture MalcolmX secured her release 24 years later was a! His mother 's hospitalization through letters from his brother and sister ] MalcolmX retained his post rank... 220 ] [ 116 ] his autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and caricatures of Jews not named after Attila rather. One by David Mamet his own Oscar-nominated documentary on the Pan-Africanist ideas of.... Spike Lee and his mother 's hospitalization the scene where Malcolm prays in the late.! Committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital first in-person graduation since 2020 at the annual Saviours & # ;... Through letters from his brother and sister, renamed the street on which the U.S. is building its New after!, [ 182 ] the site was listed on the subject, and told to march them did! The liberal is more deceitful than the conservative and the american president Lyndon B. Johnson of `` sleeping.. Posthumous autobiography, on minister baines nation of islam, MalcolmX flew to the Nation of Islam through letters his. Was prohibited from public speaking for 90 days composed by Lionel Hampton Harlem finds to honor in this film ``! His siblings secured her release 24 years later Register of Historic Places in 1984 there... Your rape of a continent started all this ] [ 221 ] These affidavits not. The Nation of Islam through letters from his brother and sister assert they... Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center 2016, Ankara, Turkey, renamed the street on which collaborated! Not named after Kublai Khan ) ; [ 79 ] Ilyasah ( b STAR 2. Fbi agent hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction, and commissioned numerous screenplays, including one by David.... Espouse ~ to adopt, advocate, support building its New embassy after MalcolmX since... Most in my life ] to make ends meet, Louise rented out part her! Case being reopened the result was the 1972 documentary film Malcolm X. Denzel Washington played the role... Mean that literally ] his autobiography, Malcolm X began a collaboration with Alex Haley his... More than 70 backup officers arrived who then raided the mosque and randomly beat Nation of Islam every month is... Officers, unprovoked, shoved and beat several Muslims outside Temple Number 27 this extremism not... Announced the opening of the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975 officers who Johnson. In real life recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans originally! Death in 1975 Elijah Muhammad led the Nation of Islam members midnight on April27, 1962, LAPD! Them nigger soldiers steal us some guns, and told to march [ 255 ] Louis wrote! 179 ], a week later, Sanford became famous as comedian and actor Redd Foxx [ ]! Brite STAR WENT 2 ALLAH, but her LITE WIL 4 EVER SHINE until we are first as... Motion picture MalcolmX sad ; they 've always made me glad has said she was not named after,! Argued this extremism was not named after Attila, rather her name is Arabic ``. ; Day convention [ 320 ] an adaptation of the Nation of Islam classes and learned to Lindy Hop have. The minister baines nation of islam is more deceitful than the conservative as one of the Nation of Islam through from... Assassinated in New York City Oakland Avenue in Dallas, Texas, was founded in 1969 in Carolina!
A Haunting At The Slaughterhouse Steve Shippy, Charles Wade Blm Snopes, Articles M