The whole thing was so evil, McInnis said. John Armfield, slave trader and businessman, descended from North Carolina Quakers who were Loyalists during the American Revolution. It ran to 900 pages. The marchers and the roadwork gangs, slaves all, traded long looks. The other half walked from the Chesapeake to the Mississippi River, 1,100 miles, with riverboat steerage for short distances along the way. As the gang fell in, Armfield and his men made jokes, standing near, laughing and smoking cigars.. She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. No commands given by anyone, no noise about it, no talking in the ranks, no laughter or merriment, just marching, round and round. From the beginning, they divvied the work according to each mans strength: Armfield, based in Virginia, managed the buying side of things and arranged transportation, Rothman said. Developing the exhibit, Greenwald and her team created a database of names of the enslaved who were shipped from the Eastern states to New Orleans. Multiply that by 200. After Emancipation, now a freedman of about 20, Glenn remembered the name of his hometownRoxboro. At the Forks, Waller found a poke salad of low wooden buildings, long and narrow, each housing a dealer, each with a porch and a dirt yard in front. One of them was led by a man named William Waller, who walked from Virginia to Louisiana in 1847 with 20 or more slaves. Armfield watched and smoked. A thicket of McMansions follows, in every ersatz style. You got the wrong person to ask about sparing your feelings, Boxley replies. It is a fine country for the slave to live in and for the master to make money in. And by the way, The negroes are not only well, but appear happy and pleased with the country and prospect before them., At the village of Benton a week before Christmas 1847, Waller huddled with his gang in a ferocious storm. Former slavesthere were four millionasked by word of mouth, but that went nowhere, and so they put announcements in the papers, trying to find mothers and sisters, children and husbands swept away from them by the Slave Trail. He is bearded white and gray, and half bald. They are a manifest, or list, of one group of 110 people moved by Isaac Franklin in 1829. Thomas Dabney was an acquaintance from Virginia who had moved to Raymond, on the Natchez Trace, 12 years earlier and doubled his already thick riches as a cotton planter. And, always, children. Armfield, John, Active 1830-1859. The expectation of so many slaves was that their families would be annihilated, and so it became important to be able to forget. James Ware, Wallers broker, was having no luck selling the truncated coffle in Mississippi. They continued in black newspapers until World War I, fully 50 years after Emancipation. Trailer-park childhood. It took four months to assemble the big coffle, to use a once-common word that, like so much of the vocabulary of slavery, has been effaced from the language. Boxley left Natchez in 1960, at age 20. Last fall and this past spring, the Library of Virginia, in Richmond, and the Historic New Orleans Collection, in Louisiana, working separately, put together large exhibitions about the domestic slave trade. Approaching the former Franklin house, I pass the golf course and clubhouse. A black man asks:I am a middle-class father. I joined fifty-one other slaves whom he had bought in Maryland. A padlock was added to the handcuffs, and the hasp of each padlock closed on a link in a chain 100 feet long. Franklin and Armfield quit the business around 1837. Enslaved persons--Correspondence. As for the other half, they were probably herded onto steamboats and churned 260 miles south to New Orleans, where Isaac Franklin or one of his agents sold them, one or three or five at a time. Genealogy for John Franklin Layfayette Armfield (1858 - 1910) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Four or five tents were spread, and the large wagons, which were to accompany the expedition, were stationed where they could be piled high with provisions and other necessaries. New clothes were loaded in bundles. They came to look at my negroes & wanted to buy seven or eight, but they objected to the price, Waller said. Then the coffle, like a giant serpent, uncoiled onto Duke Street and marched west, out of town and into a momentous event, a blanked-out saga, an unremembered epic. As for Sarah and Indian, they had been taken from Sarahs husband and her mother. I want to resurrect the history of the enslavement trade, and for 20 years, that is where Ive focused.. Their children included a son named Jack Key, who was freed at the end of the Civil War, at age 21. There is no branch of trade, in this part of the country, more brisk and profitable than that of buying and selling negroes, a traveler named Estwick Evans wrote about Natchez in the early 19th century. My name was then Hannah Person, it is now Hannah Cole. But bad habits concerning sex were rampant among some of those men. We had a maid, and we had a yard man. The drama of a million individuals going so far from their homes changed the country. Which means that Isaac Franklin was my great-great-great-great-uncle., It is an important gloss, as it turns out: You see, Thomson said, my forebear James Franklin was the family member who introduced Isaac Franklin to the slave business., Taking a seat in an armchair upholstered in wine-colored brocade, he picks up the story. An act of Congress is needed. Featherstonhaugh, a geologist on a surveying tour for the federal government, described the slave trader as a raw man in nice clothes. You dont know what they did. After the Tennessee River, where the Trace dips into Alabama for 50 miles, Buzzard Roost Stand. This was dangerous. My direct ancestor is Isaacs brother James. Human bondage began I dont know when, but early, thousands of years ago. I did not know before I came home whether my parents were dead or alive. And now, mother nor father did not know me., Edward Ball She was 18 at the time and just over five feet tall. More than one preservationist had told me that the current owners of Fairvue are hostile to anyone who shows curiosity about the slave dealer who built their lovely home. After an hour of this, the showing of the lively stock, the enslaved stood in rows on long overhanging porches. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. Now I have five adult children, eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Take the ashes and get off my land., The intent was to keep that history buried, McQuinn says today. They created a modern machinery to support the business of human trafficking.. In Knoxville, in October 1847, Waller readied his gang of 20 or more for the second half of their journey. The city government passed an ordinance that banned all long-distance dealers selling people within the city limits. The man may be gone, but generations later, some of his people are still around. In Roanoke, at a tourist information outlet called Virginias Blue Ridge. I shook my mothers hand and held it a little too long, and she suspicioned something, Glenn said. But people who arrived by ship did. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were J ohn, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac an d Thomas and all their families. Many things in the Old Testament are pretty barbaric, but they are part of our evolution.. A good lot for walking was a gang of enslaved men, women and children, possibly numbering in the hundreds, who could tolerate three months afoot in the summer heat. There were two auction stands, each five feet above the floor, on either side of the rotunda. We werent there. Are we accountable? The children were asleep in some tents; and the males, in chains, were lying on the ground, in groups of about a dozen each. Meanwhile, the white menwere standing about with whips in their hands.. He said his own father knew the name of the people who had enslaved their family in Virginia, knew where they livedin the same house and on the same landin Hanover County, among the rumpled hills north of Richmond. Spindly pine and oaks away off the roadbed, a third-growth woods. I mean, people who do not understand the old lifestylestheir standpoint on life, and their education, are what today we consider limited. The story of the masses who trekked a thousand miles, from the tobacco South to the cotton South, sometimes vanished in an economic tale, one about the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It sometimes sank into a political story, something to do with the Louisiana Purchase and the first Southwestthe young states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. The slave cabins were vacant. And that includes about Isaac Franklin. They were not handcuffed, although they may have been tied with rope. The people who accompanied him included a boy of 8 or 9 called Pleasant; Mitchell, who was 10 or 11; a teenage boy named Samson; three teenage sisters, Sarah Ann, Louisa and Lucy; Henry, about 17; a man named Nelson and his wife; a man in his 20s called Foster; and a young mother named Sarah, with her daughter Indian, about age 2. They developed cruel stratagems to boost their bottom line: For example, they designated less space per person [on their ships] than the trans-Atlantic slave trade vessels did, Schermerhorn said. (Video: Ashleigh Joplin/The Washington Post). He ran it with great success in his final years, earning visits from very prominent people, including archbishops and the mayor of Nashville, according to Rothman. soon moved the BUcks COunty, PA where he taught school and had 5 sons and 3 daughters. Looking for any information about the ancestors and descendents of John Armfield.I am descended through his daughter, Nancy Ann Armfield. You see, blacks were better off coming to this country. I think slavery developed here primarily because of the ignorance of the blacks. During the black power years of the 1960s he renamed himself Ser Seshsh Ab Heter. Fairvue was a working plantation, but it was also an announcement that the boy from Gallatin had returned to his humble roots in majesty. Most of the others were under 20. The women they bought and sold were fancy maids, a term signifying youth, beauty and potential for sexual exploitation by buyers or the traders themselves. But the historian Heather Williams has unearthed a handful of reunions. William Waller and his gang, and other hundreds of thousands arriving by foot, did not leave traces in government records. They dont do family history, because they think, Oh, it was too cruel, and so brutal, and why should I look at it up close? I am not one of those people.. Like other Franklin gangs, the 300 probably got on flatboats in the Cumberland River and floated three days down to the Ohio River, and then drifted down another day to reach the Mississippi. This sorting arrangement meant that it was more likely children would be sold from their parents. Franklin, meanwhile, stayed mostly in Natchez, Miss., and was responsible for selling their human cargo to plantations in the Deep South. When Franklin and Armfield retired, they passed easily into elite white society, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur. It is the humanity of our ancestors denied that I am interested in. I am enveloped in darkness; but still, strange to say, I live upon hope, the friend of man.. Natchez, pearl of the state, stands on a bluff above the Mississippi. Elcho (Plantation : Madison Parish, La.) Armfield then ordered the men in irons to get in the water. I am drafted by the inactivity of others to do history work, he tells me. He tells the back story. Here, too, in the St. Louis Hotels beautiful vaulted room, families at the end of the Slave Trail were divided. Some whites went to the slave auctions for entertainment. I say, your great-great-grandparents were enslaved persons. Well, Germans and Scots-Irish settled the Shenandoah, thats who was here. Dabney told him that I must not take less than my pricethey were worth it., He later wrote home, I have sold! It is plain that in this branch of the Franklin family, the past cannot be unremembered. A sudden, loud drone from every direction, the natural music of Mississippi. Sometimes, as in Balls case, the chain ran through an iron neck collar. Thomson warms up, shifts in his seat. Slaves for sale wore a uniform of sorts. Not a single offer, Waller wrote. It would have been the easiest thing to do. Will you send her out or shall I charge you $1,100 for her?, To maximize her price, Franklin might have sold the Charlottesville maid at one of the public auctions in the city. Scholars of slavery are quite familiar with the firm of Franklin & Armfield, which Isaac Franklin and John Armfield established in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1828. The first thing that meets the eye in Thomsons house is a large portrait of Isaac Franklin. The path of I-40 west roughly matches a turnpike that once ran 200 miles across the Cumberland Plateau. Neither Franklin nor Armfield earned recrimination from their peers during their lifetimes and neither man felt the slightest remorse, according to their papers. But as Waller drifted through Mississippi, he couldnt sell anyone. Now Angela symbolizes a brutal history. That was just part of life. I read, in many places, that slave traders had sex with the women they bought and sold. Armfield and his caravan came to the Shenandoah from Alexandria. The women wore calico dresses and white aprons and a pink ribbon at the neck with hair carefully braided. Our mission is to offer gracious hospitality while providing opportunities for connecting with God & community. So, floundering about in the wake of the sex scandal, Armfield decided he would just dabble in the slave trade, according to Rothman. A plate of pokeweed yanked up from the field and put on the table is one way of saying a mess. Blair shifts metaphors. To my recollection my fathers name was Joseph, and my mothers Milly, my brothers Anthony, and my sisters Maria.My name was Annie Ferrill, but my owners changed my name. By the polite invitation of Mr. Ware, as he put it, I passed over a hundred miles with no white persons visible and got here to Natchez in four days. He trotted into town in early 1848, the dwindling gang behind him. Sarah and Indian, the mother and daughter, wanted to be sold together. The Natchez people first carved the footpath some 500 years before and used it until about 1800, when they were massacred and dispersed, at which point white travelers took possession of their highway. Franklin developed a taste for the business and, after taking a brief break to fight in the War of 1812, dedicated himself to slave trading full-time. He did it, but it is what it is. Isaac Franklin put a building right where that muffler shop issee the peach-colored shed, across the street? of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] The way I see it, he says, there are a lot of people you have to bury to get rid of. Time kind of mellows you out. As U.S. 11 steps into Tennessee, the road finds the Holston River and runs parallel to it. Today as then, Raymond, Mississippi, is a crossroads, population 2,000. The Club at Fairvue Plantation opened in 2004, and hundreds of houses sprang up on half-acre plots. Pretense and bluster rub shoulders with the plain and dejected. In Staunton, the Visitor Center. Most slave traders at that time were considered common and uncouth, with no social graces. He was an amateur slave trader, not a pro like Armfield, and his journey, though from another year, is even better documented. A typical display placed an 8-year-old girl on the left end of a line, and then ten people like stair steps up to the right end, ending with a 30-year-old woman, who might be the first girls mother. Born about 1730 [location unknown] Son. A celebration of life will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 at 1:00 PM at the same location. In May 1765 the caravan reached the various destinations of these Pennsylvania travelers. Many slaveholders were inclined to do so, as their plantations made smaller fortunes than many princeling sons would have liked. Born 50 miles that way, Radford for 20 years. The abolitionist, knowing full well Armfields profession, nonetheless wrote: He is a man of fine personal appearance, and of engaging and graceful manners.. They were discovered, and it caused a panic. John Armfield, junior partner in the firm Franklin and Armfield of Alexandria, was one of the most prominent slave traders in Virginia. Now those, gesturing at some more yellowed papers, are the worst for me, she says. The gang headed down the Great Wagon Road, a route that came from Pennsylvania, already some centuries oldmade by the Indians, in the euphemism. She lives 25 miles from Gallatin, in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters. You feel something here? Their plan was to leave a few slaves behind with Sarah as house servants and for William to march nearly all the rest to Natchez and New Orleans. We studied hundreds of shipping manifests and compiled data on 70,000 individuals. On Tuesday, October 19, the troop headed southwest, Waller leading from his horse and his friend James Taliaferro bringing up the rear, both men armed. It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. As autumn gathered in 1834, the caravan that John Armfield handed over left Tennessee, bound for Natchez. Actually, Uncle Isaac sent her off because he didnt want her around after he married.. He showed young Isaac how it was done, apprenticed him. The original John Armfield, from whom all the Armfields of whom we know were descended, was born in the north of England in 1695. In 1833, the slave-trading firm of Franklin and Armfield was buying at least 1,000 people a year out of the Mid-Atlantic states and selling them in New Orleans and Natchez, where Isaac Franklin spent most of his time. Sarah & child $800Henry $800. Franklin and Armfield each fathered at least one child with an enslaved woman, Rothman said. Some museum curators know about it, too. Also, an elderly black woman named Charity, whom he and Sarah had kept at home, knowing that no one would offer money for her. Surnames; Search People; In 1834, Armfield sat on his horse in front of the procession, armed with a gun and a whip. As he pushed his hands down the pike, Waller felt guilty about Sarah and Indian, he told his wife. His trip on the Slave Trail, like most others, would end in Natchez and New Orleans. Few, if any, American high school or college students ever learn about the duo. The yards were parade grounds that worked like showrooms. One night in September 1834, a traveler stumbled into the Armfield coffles camp. Historians know about the Slave Trail. Descendants of a slave trading family come to Sewanee to search for their history and find it tangled up with the University's own painful truth about its founding. Over the next decade, with Armfield based in Alexandria and Isaac Franklin in New Orleans, the two became the undisputed tycoons of the domestic slave trade, with an economic impact that is hard to overstate. I was sold with a younger sisterBettie. The people are made in part of the worst portion of the human race, he wrote. Among the people who lived in these parts was John Randolph, a congressman and a cousin of Thomas Jefferson. I think America continues to be uncomfortable talking about the original sin of slavery, McInnis said. Armfield, meanwhile, purchased an old hotel in the Tennessee mountains and converted it to a luxury summer getaway for the wealthy. John Armfield (abt. BY KATE PARRISH O n May 11, 1857, James Hervey Otey, the Episcopal bishop of Tennessee, wrote to John Armfield asking for help. While their business strategy was not especially innovative, it was conducted on a scale bigger and better than anyone else, Rothman said. In 1827, it was 1,359. All these people came from Virginia, she says. It sat under a piece of glass and measured about 2 by 4 feet. It is a refrain among Southern whites who remain emotionally attached to the plantation daysthat one in 1,000 slaveholders who were black vindicates in some fashion 999 who were not. You cant judge those people by todays standardsyou cant judge anybody by our standards. One in particular gives the flavor. Exceedingly heavy and continued rains have stopped our progress, he told his wife. This story is a selection from the November issue of Smithsonian magazine. Through it all, both regularly raped the women they bought and sold and joked about it in letters, a shared habit that deepened their friendship. But here, they were marching through wilderness. His parents named him Clifton M. Boxley. For reasons unknown, Franklin did not send Key through the burning gates of the Slave Trail, but made him stay in Tennessee. Why does no one know their names? They first came over here as indentured servants, as did the whites. When I got back to Natchez, at age 55, I saw the large tourism industry, and I noticed that nowhere in this chattel-slavery museum town could I find, readily and visibly, stories that reflected the African-American presence. So he started advocating for the Forks. At the same time, that doesnt mean that he didnt have bad habits, Thomson clarifies. If you squinted, you could see pinholes in it. Sold down the river labels a raft of loss. We cannot be responsible, should not feel like were responsible. You want your history? he said. Today a few of the plantations survive. Thin and erect, a crease of a smile, vigorous dark eyes. And it was really past time.. People Projects Discussions Surnames They were once Americas cruelest, richest slave traders. These children were not 10. The fancy trade meant women sold as forcible sex partners. Waller was pinching pennies. I ask him to play a debating game. Never heard of it. There they were sold to new bosses and dispersed in a 300-mile radius to the sugar and cotton plantations. When cotton went low, they did not. She laughs, surprisingly. Franklin & Armfields marches began in the late summer, sometimes the fall, and they took two to four months. With that signal from Natchez, Armfield began vacuuming up people from the Virginia countryside. Their good reputations persisted after retirement. Beautiful houses, an antique village, a large tourist trade. The labels in the coats once read, Brooks Brothers. She is in the French Quarter, in a gallery of the archive where she works, and all around her are artifacts about the slave trade. I stop at one of the oldest, Belle Grove. Nearly enclosed by green curtains of limbs, it feels like a tunnel. The migration swelled to a widening stream. Theyre the ones who turned the business of selling humans from one part of the U.S. to another into a very modern, organized business no longer just one trader who might move a few people from one plantation to another, said Maurie D. McInnis, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who studies the cultural history of slavery. Franklin worked with a few partners over the years but connected with his longest-lasting collaborator the man who became his closest friend, confidant and nephew by marriage in the early 1820s. I work for the government, I go to church, have two kids, and I say this story is too painful. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? It must be in the genes, because I have a brother who is a minister, and a cousin who is a minister, and another relative. Year after year the notices spreadhundreds, and then thousands. I do not approve of revisionist historians. Thomson emphasizes these last sentences. I think Franklin was a cruel individual, but he was human. At Tupelo, he made a daylong detour to Aberdeen but soon despaired over his prospects there: The market was crowded with nearly 200 negroes held by those who have relations & friends, who of course aid them in selling., Waller dragged his gang northwest, four days and 80 miles, to Oxford, but found no buyers. They give the impression of perfect manners. He had some of those. A flatboat could float down the Mississippi to Natchez in two weeks. They say there were no feelings here.. You see, our history is often buried, she says. The St. Louis Hotel is one of several places that can be identified as once-upon-a-time slave-trading sites. She moved with her parents to New Garden Monthly Meeting in Guilford County, North Carolina. Every Sunday, preachers around the South looked out at congregations and read announcements from Lost Friends and columns like it. No answer, despite several cars in the drive. On holidays it is something, we have to rent a community center. My oh my, the Scots-Irishthey were like made of brass. It was bigger than the immigration of Jews into the United States during the 19th century, when some 500,000 arrived from Russia and Eastern Europe. The auctioneer was a handsome young man, devoting himself exclusively to the sale of young mulatto women, the reporter wrote of a sale in 1855. The older I get, the more tolerant I become. He carries a poster, 4 by 6 feet, in the back of his red Nissan truck. The companys agents sent people down to Franklin & Armfields slavepens (another word that has disappeared) in Alexandria, just nine miles south of the U.S. Capitol: seamstresses, nurses, valets, field hands, hostlers, carpenters, cooks, houseboys, coachmen, laundresses, boatmen. He takes a seat at his melodeon, a portable organ that dates from the 1850s, and plays a few bars of period-appropriate music. Some had cholera, and these enslaved people died. 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