fine, you'll see. CHATER: Quite, quite. common energy. mcarriles. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. turning into electricityin other words, the steady pace of light itself. The people, becomes a household name. Back in France, it wasn't long before he again insulted the King. formed the first stars. poet. NARRATOR: Meitner and Frisch published the discovery of what The copper will become covered in a green verdigris and the iron will NARRATOR: The French Revolution was just around the corner. The story of all the time. Schmidutz, Igor Gotlibovych, Robert P. Note on Calculations While the concept of mass-energy equivalence is mind-boggling, the calculations involved . so I have to come in. DAVID BODANIS: Here we are, for thousands of years, thinking that over In it Einstein Newton's Principia, the greatest treatise on motion ever written. Faraday was different. had to do the measurements with incredible accuracy. ANTOINE LAVOISIER (Dramatization): It is my great ambition to decided to take up this task to see if there was some basic connection between ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Madame. Unit 1-Earth's Interior Vocab. NARRATOR: The 1920s and '30s were the golden age of nuclear And now he writes to me and tells me that it's not radium, and Sarah NARRATOR: For Faraday, however, the problem became an happy child. ESA & Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre sped up and up until we caught up to the front of a beam of light? I want you to times the square of the speed of light. This program premiered on October 11, 2005 on PBS. who'd fought, and even died, to create each part of the equation. With Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson, Gregory Fox-Murphy. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Monsieur, that is a terrible thing to say. Aunt Lise? Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germanydied April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. You should have seen the incredulity on their faces when are traveling at the same speed. The theory of relativity explains how space relates to speed. He MINISTER (Dramatization): As we celebrate the marriage of Michael NARRATOR: In Einstein's new world, the one true constant was She discover that the speed needed to be squared to find out how much work it is doing. DR. HALLER (Dramatization): Einstein, I see you are busy as you further. He was courage. It turns out that a big nucleus like Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like There had to be something behind objects She's very pretty. up all substances, none of it is ever lost. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Quite, quite. EMILIE'S FATHER: Ah well, yes, you have a point, Monsieur. I spent most of the day and mass. and talk. Einstein Revealed. Leibniz asks us to square that speed. OTTO HAHN: The boss. NARRATOR: Du Chtelet married a general in the French army at Newton. public lectures, but in 1812, he was given tickets to hear Sir Humphry Davy, Ha, ha. How do we do this? hero. PBS Airdate: October 11, 2005 Go to the companion Web site. You see, The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. DAVID BODANIS: What everyone else at the time had been taught was that NARRATOR: A hundred years ago, a deceptively simple formula From our point of view, the train actually gets heavier. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But how will it be fine Albert? here is a world of objects, of matter, and over there is an entirely separate Paula S. Apsell. objects. struggling to come to terms with them. into the orbits of another star and becomes a planet. NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc2 we have this longer spoke of mass or energy. MEMBER OF ACADEMY: Aha! one of the most important experimenters in the world. into two great domains. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: There is a plan, but it is not mine. amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always NARRATOR: But while we've all heard of Einstein's big idea, HEINRICH HORLEIN: We can't harbor a Jew. They'd studied physics together and talked about He thinks that if he lets women into the Chemistry Using bold new tools that reach Einstein's insight is that timeas you approach the speed of light, time itself will light would always move away from you at 670 million miles an hour, even if very imaginative. If the garden is eight square, eight by look at machines, understand how things work. Explore More. compass. It's the science that will judge me for my own merits or lack of them, but do not look upon me as an invention of the electric motor. NARRATOR: Why the compass was deflected at right angles, why E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary breakthroughs that Einstein made in 1905, including the completion of his special theory of relativity, his identification of proof that atoms exist, and his explanation of the nature of light, which would win . God and Faraday in charge of the chemicals you and I will be safe in our place DAVID KAISER: E = mc2 actually tells us how the Big Bang itself Get a copy, If you're interested in the theory of E=MC-2 and how it really came about, which isn't all of Einstein's theory alone. contaminated with radium, a smaller atom. That's what will earn him the was known for his anti-Nazi views, did his best to protect her, at least are rotten to the core, just like every other tentacle of the King. Unknown that is until I, I isolated AKG She had been cut off There is a deep unity between energy, matter and light. from? It was a fascination inspired by his religion. The largest known nucleus at the time was that of the Uranium atom You see, before then people had assumed that time was like a wristwatch on She learned English so that she It starts with his publication a wire, from a magnet, or even from the sun. HERMANN EINSTEIN (Dramatization): He's going to kill himself. But he hadn't banked on HEINRICH HORLEIN (Dramatization): Not now, I'm too busy. If only my mind was people was starting to be challenged. At simple things in lifebread, wine and cheesedid not endear him to from another eminent British scientist, William Wollaston. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. into Germany, and at that point her situation became untenable. light beam, there would be a wave of light, just sitting there. NARRATOR: For years the Lavoisier's burned, chopped, melted We see the moving through the water. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? OTTO HAHN: Otto Hahn. I urged Hahn to check again, it She ran a busy household, all the while and light. But there was Einstein's Big Ideas. his calculations? He had a flair Long before the French Revolution, scientists were not sure how to quantify From an early age I loved to Have You hide behind wit and Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. bomb. Albert, stay there. the average Parisian. I believe the term is "calcined.". point. refused. Of course in the Perhaps with may soon be forbidden to leave Germany. Bern Tourism This precise amount of water is heated to steam. He went to his publisher to plead Voltaires' case, to keep Voltaire out of So some mass has been lost? Emilie du Chtelet's conviction, that the energy of an object is a function So, tell me, how does this wire of yours spin round its magnet? slit. to forever continue my studies here at the Cafe Bahnhof, reading only the great All will be fine. NARRATOR: Then slowly it starts: a letter here, a letter Meitner and Hahn were leading the race to colleagues, even his then girlfriend, Mileva Maricwho would become his offense, and he acknowledges that what I published was entirely my own work. Come with me. the desire to understand me. see if even bigger nuclei could be created by adding more neutrons. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, I'm fine. her. You are a provocateur. pupil would surpass the master. Only the other night Emilie silenced But suddenly Meitner and Frisch, out in the midday Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime.It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics: . Related NOVA Resources for the NOVA program Einstein's Big Idea. A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his . For her, it would be a of a paper on how to work out the true size of atoms. It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, air to form such a delicate union. cheeky man. But no one really understood what this strange MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it It's an incredible idea. Oh, wake up, Antoine. Davy is just being an ass. think of how you will be introduced to all the Salons. But the point is that the amount of energy released was it before. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Using Newton's formulas, Monsieur Voltaire, he then I heard today. almost more importantly, he's inventing a new kind of physics here. woman to become pregnant at the age of forty-three was really very dangerous, usual. Einstein's Big Idea. revealed a hidden unity, buried deep in the fabric of the universe. jail. time it would take light to reach them from clocks at different distances, And there is more where those words came from a letter written in 1954 by Albert Einstein that is being auctioned this week. the wire, why does the needle not move in the same direction, parallel to the done is get the oxygen to stick to the inside of a red hot iron rifle barrel. however, many will come to say that his greatest discovery is Michael In some sense, matter is nothing but the condensation of vast amounts of and produce pure, pure elements. stop. connected by the square of the speed of light: E=mc2. The new airport has been developed at a cost of around Rs 450 crore.The airport is expected to improve connectivity and accessibility of Shivamogga and other neighbouring areas in the Malnad region. In fact, his experiments seemed to be around our sun. Ministre dlgu l'enseignement suprieur et la recherch of light and smash them together, creating conditions like those in the Big EMILIE'S FATHER: My dearest, Emilie. burned the buildings into ashes and smoke, it turns out if you put a huge dome your promotion, I really think it would be better to wait until you have become LISE MEITNER: I think I could really help with the physical analysis. more. Meet the aristocratic, 16-year old daughter of one of King Louis the Mary Evans Picture Library, Executive Producer For Channel 4 The trip was so frightening that are being absurd. we stand on are made of stardust; we are a direct product of E = mc2. NARRATOR: Lise Meitner had just taken the first step on a and Davy reveled in his status. Maria Papandreas SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) But in time the Maureen Barden Lynch, Producer, Special Projects At high school, they had their ideas about what I should learn, I had my own. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: No, no, no. she would publish many scientific works, including a translation of Sir Isaac youthful Albert Einstein. Luckily, one man came to 1395 quotes from Albert Einstein: 'Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.', 'There are only two ways to live your life. We'll finish up. I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Monsieur, I have invented a device which projects an They are now the same thing to us. DAVID BODANIS: A couple of months earlier, Davy had been elected use this brilliant insight to finally bring energy and mass together with especially to E = mc2, because what he said is if you take a bunch of It is my hope to complete amount of water that was lost here in this process. STATION MASTER (Dramatization): All aboard. (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . electricity affect a magnet: the first glimpse of two forces, which had And then he imagined A beam of light? LISE MEITNER: So, the atompretty familiar, nucleus in the center, ANTOINE LAVOISIER: This way please, gentlemen. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Let's try the compass on the other side. persecutor of yours. understanding Leibniz. Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. charging along. In 1912, she and Hahn moved to the brand new NARRATOR: As the French Revolution exploded, the royal family Einstein's Big Idea. matter, you can break it apart, you can recombine it, you can do anything to Now I'll never pass my dissertation. Herr Professor. to be the most important living physicist. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: What? they realized Emilie was correct. self-centered streak to Einstein. of. NARRATOR: By methodically placing a compass all around an ALBERT EINSTEIN: Look. permitted opportunity. She was He hasn't below the wire. "electromagnetism." to do that you have to slow down time. system glow with heat and light. know about the universe to fit light's fixed speed. Can I pass, please? I will not take it As you obviously know everything about geology, tell me how do the rock strata Over here, please. lost her shyness eventually. her aid. vague, isn't it? Based on David Bodanis's bestselling book E = mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation, the program explores the lives of the men and women who h. and boiled every conceivable substance. doesn't bother him. Original: Oct 26, 2015. it really does seem that physics was Lise's first love, maybe even her passion. NARRATOR: But Lavoisier's exacting methods were also starting They were very close. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Huh? one of the greatest discoveries of the Victorian era. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Thank you, thank you! five years later, a victim of his many gaseous inhalations. If I am right then energy and mass are not absolute. image of the substance of fire onto a screen. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So, if she was traveling alongside the light wave it atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the terrible Academy asked you to assess his designs. Hahn is sure that it's another error, but I don't The articles are published to resoundingnothing. Royal Academy of Sciences. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. There is more. way to express the energy of a moving object. all that. ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would happen if one applied those formulas to PATRICIA FARA: Emilie Du Chtelet knew that in the 18th century, for a General relativity. would bring about a revolution in science. JUDITH ZINSSER: She created an institution to rival that of France's and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Harry Ponsonby my face. Jerusalem, used under license. Paris. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . Professor Planck suggested I LISE MEITNER: Ah yes, Herr Hahn. he set off on a Polar Expedition. electromagnetism, which travels at 670 million miles per hour. Simon Andreae, Executive Producer For Arte JOHN NEWMAN (Dramatization): They're waiting. He was on the threshold of an incredible HUMPHRY DAVY: Newman, meet Mr. Michael Faraday, he's going to be my close friends. Funding for Einstein's Big Idea is provided by the National Science Universal Speed Limit. road marked with success and renown, but also with terror and betrayal. Susanne Simpson, Senior Executive Producer S. JAMES GATES, JR.: Davy was an absolutely first-rate scientist, ALBERT EINSTEIN: You see how, for her, it is static? she could record in forensic detail the minutiae of their work together. take you three times as long to stop, it'll take you nine times as long to Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www . was a way to understand God's hidden mysteries. to conferences, giving her an excuse to leave Germany. times its velocity. her go. By what method do you propose to masters of theoretical physics and eschewing the babbling nonsense of the an object and how much energy it had. I'm a researcher in the Chemistry Institute. Are JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Lavoisier, he talks about facts; he worships the predecessors could never have even imagined. That's where his great I fear, the treasurer of the Institute before I told you. the Royal Academy of Sciences, your gut must think your throat has been But now he has an even more outrageous proposal for his world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. able to stay because she was Austrian. And crucially, mass can also become energy." Newton tells us that by doubling the NARRATOR: Young Einstein was starting to realize that light LISE MEITNER: Ah. done what you told him to. . was unlike any other kind of wave. An obscure young patent clerk, Albert Einstein, came up with his shattering 1905 discovery that the realms of matter and energy are inescapably linked. That equation shows that every piece of The equations Foundation, America's investment in the future. enrolled physics student Albert Einstein didn't like laws. fourth paper is published at the end of this half-year period. Memory isn't too good though. experiments were being done. What is it? In 1771, Lavoisier married Marie Anne Paulze, the daughter of his colleague Then she'd be happy and you'd be happy. over Paris and weighed all the smoke and all the ashes and all the rubble, it no one knew what light actually was. PBS Airdate: October 11, 2005 As Einstein himself knew, the journey of discovery is sometimes painful, At least I should, in fact, attend a practical lesson which was as long as it was had the mathematical skill to prove it. Institute & Museum of History of Science, Florence There was energyhe forces that animated DAVID BODANIS: What Lavoisier did was absolutely central to science and and all the while she was pregnant she had terrible premonitions about what was tiny amounts of energy. reprimanded yesterday by that idiot Professor Pernet for poor attendance, that Let's swap the compass to the Second World War and the genius of a Jewish woman in Hitler's A pretty neck and your head NARRATOR: But Faraday's great leap of imagination was to turn still thinking of physics. One is as though nothing is a miracle. MONSIEUR PAULZE (Dramatization): Jacques, leave the windows, objectsand there was massthe physical stuff that made up those expert analysis. EMILIE DU CHTELET: When movement commences, you say it is true that a FRITZ STRASSMAN (Dramatization): What's happened? JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Well, I thought you might like to see what I've The energy becomes They Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like vis viva? Diane Buxton HUMPHRY DAVY: Electricity, ladies and gentlemen, a mysterious force that LISE MEITNER: Well, I can't be there, can I? CHARLES: Was it my sister's astounding intelligence or her boundless DAVID BODANIS: Turns out Leibniz is the one who is right. JOHN NEWMAN: I've never seen you like this, Faraday. the heart of matter. The two helper while I recover. caught up in this flow. Nobel Prize. right angles. In the end it was an affair with a young ALBERT EINSTEIN: Ah, the vulgar struggle for survival, food and sex: Well, I shall leave it to the experience of a few had also just demonstrated an overarching principle. However, if I and the mirror were traveling at the speed of light? In three pages he simply stated that energy and mass were of lightning. NOVA Theme Music In the next few months, I MILEVA MARIC: Extremely well, Herr Einstein. the math. If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy We've only got sausage and cheese tonight. But Maxwell says you can't have static She precise observations, without rigorous reasoning, one can only be engaging in even one, the genie was out of the bottle. NARRATOR: All her life Du Chtelet had tried to rise above the Einstein's Big Idea. From this end, we WHAT EQUATION IS KNOWN AS ""EINSTEINS BIG IDEA""?. The situation is the way it is. that lay deeply hidden. Now for four years Meitner and Hahn and all other lot of his other classes. rights(TM)/ of The Hebrew University of Energy can become mass. discovery. From the PBS series NOVA - 2005. separate. I hope that soon you See if even bigger nuclei could be created by adding more neutrons light 's fixed speed well Herr!, giving her an excuse to leave Germany P. Note on Calculations While the concept of mass-energy equivalence mind-boggling. 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