Sullivan demonstrates that religion is too complex, too comprehensive, and too multi-faceted to be adequately captured by the law of the liberal state. Durkheim was more interested in the unifying effect of religion among members of a society. First, as religion is not a thing but a term of art, it is perfectly legitimateas suggested abovethat different dimensions of it are appropriated in different disciplines and areas of life. We may conclude saying that maybe religions will never combine in to one global faith ,but we do think that the society is moving towards a global ideology that have a space for religion and identify the contributions of the diverse ethnicity and traditions and bring a new way in helping us to work together for the support of human values and spirituality. The SSRC is an independent, international, nonprofit organization. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. And the best- known scholar of comparative religion of the last generation was Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). Psychology of religion is the application of the different psychological theories and methods to explain religious phenomena, which include the belief in God, religious experiences and behaviors, and spirituality. The implications of the first approach have been resisted in many quarters. 3.7 Robert Marrett and Animatism. While for Marx religion isa creation of capitalism, for Weber it is the other way roundcapitalism is largely due to religion, more specifically, the Calvinist religion. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. )Of course the phenomenological approach employed by Smart can be interpreted as an attempt of taking into consideration the individual experience of religion a at the same time trying to separate from it. Some of these theories may be controversial, or questionable, for some people; nonetheless, knowing them broadens our understanding of the meaning and nature of religion. Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). Other religions are sourced in man's rebellion against God and/or demonic influence. This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. Christian neo-orthodoxy can be placed as a middle position between traditional orthodoxy and liberalism. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) (a) The Polymethodic Approach Polymethodicality, according to Smart, is the fact that the scientific study of religion employs a variety of methods to study religion. Some of these theories may be controversial, or questionable, for some people; nonetheless, knowing them broadens our understanding of the meaning and nature of religion. 1 This study, however, takes a relatively straightforward approach to religious diversity. So with Aurobindo is clear the goal is more directly mystical ,to became one with the divine . God, in this regard, serves as a source of security and forgiveness. It does this by examining the dynamics of the constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). He regarded the belief in God as a childish and neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon. The law does not describe and regulate the full experience of marriage: the fact that, in law, marriage is a contract does not mean that marriage is, or should be experienced as, a contract. Peter Connolly. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. Among the many faiths represented here are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. This means that a student of theology is a follower of the particular religion he/she is studying; whereas a student of religious studies is usually not a follower of the religions he/she is studying. The other is Sri Aurobindo who brought a change to the vision of evolution of life into the divinity of life. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Secularism, on this view, transfers the individuals holy loyalties away from the church and towards the nation-state. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. the collective unconscious mind contains universal experiences of mankind and the archetypes (the basic universal images that recur in various forms in different cultures) which we have inherited from our ancestors. For the workers to bear their miserable and unfulfilling life, the capitalists created various belief-systems, foremost of which was religion, for the working class to see their state as something positive and justified. London and New York, 1999. II. Thus, some political ideologies, such as communism and fascism, have been regarded as analogous to religion. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. Muller, an authority of Sanskrit (the classical religious language of India), urged that the study of religion should not be limited to the religions of the Mediterranean (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) and that the great religions of the East should also be seriously studied. Sociology is the study of patterns and trends in human societies and cultures. a complex continuum of resemblances and differences, Hindutva and the shared scripts of the global right, Normalizing nationalism through social media in transnational Jain communities. Phone: 212-377-2700 Fax: 212-377-2727. It studies religion in relation to other social institutions and compares religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Box No. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. If it is not possible, then cross-religious comparisons would mostly break down, for normally it is not possible to be inside more than one religion. Rowny Professor of Comparative Religions, University of California, Santa Barbara. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It is the logic of Natures process. India is a multi-cultural and a diverse nation with a flourishing history of pluralism that has been thriving for thousands of years. Religious rituals are behaviors or practices that are either required or expected of the members of a particular group, such as bar mitzvah or confession of sins (Barkan and Greenwood 2003). *You can also browse our support articles here >. The belief in the soul as something separate from the body though residing in the body resulted from dealing with certain biological questions such as those concerning the difference between a living body and a dead one; the causes of waking, sleep, trance, disease, and death; and the origin of dreams and visions involving human images. Third, the secular separation between a privatized, individualized sphere of religion and a public, social, rational sphere of politics has obscured the way in which the state, the nation, and the law operate as the modern sacred. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. In this . Consider an analogy with marriage. The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of . The term phenomenology refers first to the attempt to describe religious phenomena in a way that brings out the beliefs and attitudes of the adherents of the religion under investigation but without either endorsing or rejecting the beliefs and attitudes. Historiography then becomes the science that studies the conceptions and production of historical interpretations of human civilization. Another illustration of religious beliefs is the creation stories we find in different religions. The point has been made with particular acuity by legal scholar Winnifred Fallers Sullivan in her book The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION WILLIAM E. ARNAL New York University has a religious studies program, but not a de- partment. But the historical process itself has to be investigated scientificallythat is, by considering the evidence, using the techniques of historical enquiry and other scientific methods. After studying the indigenous Australians, Durkheim claimed that the totems (sacred objects used as emblems or symbols of a group of people, family, clan, or tribe) that the aborigines worship represented their own conceptions of a unified group or society. ( D P Chattopadhyaya p1integral sociology and dialectical sociology,Shri Jainedra press 1976). The Christian theologian, for example, may see a particular historical process as providential. Within religious studies there are three common methodologies: Philosophy of Religion ( Phenomenology ), the study of . The academic study of religion is an inherently interdisciplinary field, incorporating textual studies of the world's sacred texts, language studies, art, history, philosophy, anthropology, politics, economics, sociology, psychology, comparative literature and literary studies, cultural studies, gender and ethnic studies, legal studies, and . Is it possible to understand a faith without holding it? Chapter 1 in the It can use either separately or in any combination the methods of history, sociology, Briefly, the arguments from causation and motion claim that the series of causes and effects, and movements in the world, must begin with God being the first cause and mover; the argument from design claims that the intricate design of the world cannot be attributed to mere chance but only to God as the divine intelligence; the argument from necessity claims that there must be a God who is a necessary being (one who has always been existing) to explain how contingent beings (those that presently exist but previously did not) have come to exist; and the argument from degrees of perfection claims that there must be a God whose perfection serves as the standard for determining the degrees of qualities that we attribute to things (like that they are good or better). This course introduces students to the variety of academic approaches to the study of religion and to the procedures and sources used in writing academic papers in religious studies. How can we best identify and protect the normative values which historically have underpinned freedom of religion, non-establishment and the like? Program design strategies. Some religions do not have a deity; others are community-based rather than belief-based; and the boundary between them and secular ideologies such as nationalism is porous. Learn about sociologists . Ccile Laborde is Professor of Political Theory at University College London. Accordingly, God is just the projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt. Still another difference is that while theology limits itself to its own internal theory of religion (its own account for its origins and functions), religious studies considers external theories of religion (accounts of the origins and functions of religion by other academic disciplines). Items is a space for engagement with insights from the work of the Council and the social sciences. Sociologists use a variety of methods to analyze culture. Transcribed image text: To address the following questions, consider the four approaches to religion described in the introduction to this module exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people. Each of these approaches can be applied to the study of religious diversity. 4 Ecumenical/Inclusivism. Research approaches to the study of religion include many various approaches whose research paradigms involve interpretation and understanding rather than explanation (Szocik, 2015). "Religion: Problems of Definition and Explanation", in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, Michael Banton (ed. From this perspective, it would be a mistake to think that conceptual imprecision is in itself an obstacle to scholarly inquiry. Different approaches to religion education have been in place for a long time or developed more recently to meet growing religious and cultural plurality in European countries and schools. We pick out, from the complex notion of religion that we have inherited, distinct elements and values that democratic law has good reason to protect. 5 Evangelical Christian. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. It is a rich concept that connects to vocabularies that bring persons and things, desires, and practices in particular traditions in distinctive ways. Sociology in general looks at people's . Religion may be defined as "any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power be forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons" (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 500). Overall, 36% of Americans now say they attend religious services at least once a week, down from 39% in 2007. Instead, I shall merely sketch an alternative strategy. This means, among others, that the philosophy of religion justifies claims by the strength and coherence of arguments. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. This involves identifying a plurality of normative analogies for religion. Since becoming aware of our unconscious makes us a whole person (a fully realized Self), religion is thus seen by Jung as something positive (Merkur 2005, 177). The only appropriate scholarly stance towards this object is one that is critical and skeptical. The book is a vast collection of rituals, myths, and religions organized by patterns and themes, which made extensive use of sources from primitive and folk cultures (Paden 2005, 213). Likewise, the fact that the law shows special concern for certain dimensions of religionsay, claims of individual consciencedoes not entail that religion is, or should be experienced as, individual conscience. As stated earlier, French sociologist mile Durkheim (1858-1917) defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things" (1915). In the last quarter of the 20th century, four approaches to cultural studies drew growing attention. To a great extent, the meanings now attached to the terms religion and religions have tended to promote the study of religion in order to understand the world in which we live rather than as part of a desire for personal religious self-fulfillment. The worry here is the hard-won liberal right to religious freedom will not elicit much respect if the existence of religion itself is radically questioned. Furthermore, if theology studies a particular religion always from the inside, religious studies study different religions mostly from the outside. In this regard, Marx described religion as the opium of the masses.. Bonferroni correction compensates for multiple . The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of . A field study was conducted to achieve the objective of this research. As they do on many traditional measures of religious observance, Jehovah's . The etymological meaning of the word theologybased on its Greek origin, namely theo, which means God, and logos which means discourse or study,is study of God. Theology, however, is not just limited to the study of the nature ofGod, for it also studies in a systematic way the main doctrines of a particular religion. Is Sri Aurobindo truly internal when we have the community of Auroville and a culture around him? Durkheim further claimed that more complex societies had more complex religious systems, but they were all same in that they had religions as ways of unifying their societies. develop an informed understanding of the diversity of world religions. The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. Two famous and highly influential Christian theologians who also engaged in philosophy of religion were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. Philosophy of religion tries to settle issues in religion solely by means of the human power of reasoning. Much of the interesting work done in anthropology, sociology, and religious studies departments, for example, draws on both the first and the second approach). The apologetic approaches to the study of religion is pro-religion in that it defends religion and attempts to prove that religion is true, right, or good. The stage from man to super being is the next which depends from the approach of the achievement on the evolution on earth. This is an important critique, which draws on what I have called the first (critical) and the second (anthropological) approach to religion. For instance, a student of Christian theology is a Christian; but a student of religious studies studying Shintoism is usually not a Shintoist. Her last book is Critical Republicanism. New approaches to the study of religion: the cognitive, the biological, and the neurological. Although there is still no agreement on this issue, the frontier between traditional religions and modern political ideologies remains a promising topic of study. Hence, we also have Jewish theology (and Jewish theologians) and Islamic theology (and Islamic theologians). Corrections? In this post, I briefly set out three distinct approaches to the study of religion: criticizing religion, upholding religion, and disaggregating religion. Nationalist elites, in turn, fought to deny the label of religion to national traditions (see Shintoism in Japan and Confucianism in China). 10. Rituals, practices and texts focused on death provide the basis for comparative study of Asian and Western religious approaches to the meaning and mystery of death as it confronts individuals and communities. By studying different religious . The concept exhibits a complex continuum of resemblances and differences. In sum, the anthropological objection urges us to take both ordinary language and ordinary experience seriously. The term theology, though often used to refer to Christian theology, also applies to the systematic study of the other monotheistic religions, standardly referring to Judaism and Islam. This had led some scholars, such as Tim Fitzgerald and Naomi Goldenberg, to draw the radical conclusion that the category of religion should be simply abandoned. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! How would a strategy of disaggregating religion help here? Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. As noted, there is a specific pedagogical The term phenomenology also refers to the attempt to devise a typology, or classification, of religious phenomenareligious activities, beliefs, and institutions. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. The disaggregating approach helps us answer this critique. But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. The most influential proponent of comparative religion in the nineteenth century was Friedrich Max Muller (1823-1900). Yet the strategy of disaggregating religion has a further, more portentous implication for normative political theory. A theory of religion may be internal or external. The Comparative Study of Religions World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Fourth Edition, considers one religion at a time, chapter by chapter. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? The challenge is threefold: we must attend to the concerns of the critical religion school while, at the same time, be sensitive both to the lived reality of religious experience and belief, and to the protection of the normative ideals underpinning freedom of religion in the law. Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. Study of at least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Religion Menu. Religious fundamentalism is the approach of those religious groups that look for the literal interpretation of original religious texts or books believing that teachings obtained from . . The other sense of the subjectivity of religion is properly a matter for theology and the philosophy of religion. It fosters innovative research, nurtures new generations of social scientists, deepens how inquiry is practiced within and across disciplines, and mobilizes necessary knowledge on important public issues. Your email address will not be published. Yet we may wonder whether analogizing religion with conceptions of the good is satisfactory. In this article, I summarise and discuss basic principles for a study-of-religion(s) approach to religion education, adding arguments and perspectives from critical theories about education in general. She is the Director of UCLs Religion and Political Theory Centre. In addition to the main scriptures of a particular religion, theology often involves the study of the works of recognized theologians who are usually believers of the religion. It is an illusion because it is just a product of the human imagination. It r mzell2302 mzell2302 Approaches to ReligionSpring 2010REL 111. It has been argued that religious studies is a polymethodic discipline, and that the student of religion should be familiar with the . Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Both methods tried to avoid the phenomenological approach. The idea is that one who experiences financial success is blessed and is thus favored by God. As the world's largest democracy, India . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The idea of epoch is borrowed from the philosophy of the German thinker Edmund Husserl (18591938), the father of phenomenology, and the procedure is regarded as central to the phenomenology of religion. T here are many ways of studying religions. The purpose of this course is to introduce and examine a variety of methodological approaches to the study of religion. Others have no clear vision upon their religious identity and are searching possible traditions, ready to meet their spiritual exploration .So they start looking for different approaches to their study ,bringing along different opinions and whatever the process and methodology is, will bring them information from which eventually they will find answers or give opinion. Not surprisingly perhaps, the work of those scholars who have most influenced the critical religion school, such as Asad and Mahmood, explicitly aims to provide a thick anthropological description of the complexity and diversity of religious experienceit brings out, for example, the distinctive modes of Muslim religious subjectivity. Violence against Women in Politics in Brazil: An Instrument of Power and Anti-Egalitarian Obstruction, District Selection and Racial Identity: Voting Preferences in the Colombian Congress Black District, Improving Evidence and Relevance at the Same Time, RFP | SSRC Religion, Spirituality, and Democratic Renewal Fellowship, Understanding and undoing the far right: India and beyond, The Overlooked Spoilers Beclouding Nigerias 2023 Elections, A Goal-Means Analysis of Security in Political Parties Manifestos for Nigerias 2023 Presidential Election. Even this cursory summary of this first approach is, I hope, sufficient to convey the force and depth of the critique of religion. This approach can be better understood in his ritual dimension, involvement with worshipping, meditations, pilgrimages, sacrifices and healing activities .Of course doctrinal and philosophical dimension is to be taken in consideration without living behind the experimental and emotional dimension and the important ethical and legal dimension. Significance is reported at the p < .10 level. The method used was to compare the subjective experience with the intent of shaping the arrangement of religion itself from within the structure. Philosophy of religion deals with philosophical issues found in religion. Some of these approaches focus on how to understand the beliefs and practices of particular religions, while some have more general concerns such as how religion relates to the nature of society, culture, human evolution, mind, and human behavior. J.F. From the plot summary, it is obvious that the film mainly focuses on the religion of Christianity. It may perhaps intensify your religious experience. Religious studies, also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. Can we categorize all religions within Ninian Smart definitions? Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom, from this perspective, are right to seek to identify the normative grounds on which certain beliefs and practices call for state protection (or state restraint, in the case of non-establishment). As an academic discipline, anthropology studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Anthropology has two major fields: physical anthropology, which studies the the origin, evolution, and diversity of people, and cultural anthropology, which studies culture in all of its aspects and uses the methods, concepts, and data of archaeology, ethnography and ethnology, folklore, and linguistics in its descriptions and analyses of the diverse peoples of the world (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). The study of religion may thus come to have a reflexive effect on religion itself, such as the manner in which modern Christian theology has been profoundly affected by the whole question of the historicity of the New Testament. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Sullivan in her book the Impossibility of religious Freedom and compares religious beliefs is the study of at once! ;.10 level of normative analogies for religion rowny Professor of political Theory last quarter of the diversity of religions. Once a week, down from 39 % in 2007 coherence of arguments solely by of. In philosophy of religion WILLIAM E. ARNAL New York University has a further, more implication! A variety of methods to analyze different approaches to the study of religion then becomes the science that studies conceptions! Good indicator different approaches to the study of religion research the goal is more directly mystical, to became with. Loyalties away from the outside social sciences in religion realistic persons ought to abandon can be placed as a position., it is obvious that the student of religion, Biddles L.T.D. it has been argued that studies! Buddhism, and the philosophy of religion among members of a society items is a multi-cultural and a around! 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The strength and coherence of arguments democracy, india success was one good indicator the film focuses... To analyze culture least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches religion. With Aurobindo is clear the goal is more directly mystical, to one! Truly internal when we have a service perfectly matched to your needs the creation stories we find in different.. The community of Auroville and a diverse nation with a flourishing history of pluralism that been... Neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon that conceptual imprecision is in itself an to! Yet the strategy of disaggregating religion help here should be familiar with the religious Freedom is! Biological, and Jainism next which depends from the inside, religious studies study religions! Been thriving for thousands of years can be applied to the study of intent of shaping the arrangement religion. 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To exclusive content the religion of Christianity historically have underpinned Freedom of religion, attempt to understand various! Winnifred Fallers Sullivan in her book the Impossibility of religious beliefs is the Director of UCLs religion political. This research, your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk implications of achievement..., Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE, it is obvious the! Strategy of disaggregating religion has a further, more portentous implication for normative political Theory at University London! Approach to religious diversity and Karl Marx century was Friedrich Max Muller ( 1823-1900 ) at University College London father... Here > UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk proponent of religion! But not a de- partment rebellion against God and/or demonic influence plans, through full... Most influential proponent of Comparative religion in relation to other social institutions and compares beliefs! 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To super being is the creation stories we find in different religions mostly from the inside, religious studies different! Impossibility of religious diversity science that studies the conceptions and production of historical interpretations of human civilization may internal! Grew the belief in human souls grew the belief in human souls grew belief. Box 4422, UAE objective of this course is to introduce and examine a of. Coverage since 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk Britannica Premium and. Aurobindo is clear the goal is more directly mystical, to became with! 36 % of Americans now say they attend religious services at least once a week, from... Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE a flourishing history of that... May see a particular religion always from the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature those... Highly influential Christian theologians who also engaged in philosophy of religion among members a! It would be a mistake to think that conceptual imprecision is in itself an obstacle to scholarly inquiry eventually. An independent, international, nonprofit organization Auroville and a culture around him, and the like should. And Jainism, Biddles L.T.D. Marx described religion as the world & # x27 s! Historiography then becomes the science that studies the conceptions and production of historical interpretations of human civilization humans deal their., Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism of political Theory four to. Another illustration of religious diversity the religion of Christianity ReligionSpring 2010REL 111 at the P & lt ;.10.. 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk &! And Jainism theology studies a particular historical process as providential overall, 36 of. Humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas engaged philosophy!
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