The three philosophies out there were Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. A ruler has to be everything he wants his people to be: intelligent, patient, graceful - you get the idea. Direct link to isela's post AUhiejfkjxuagehyiah, Development of Portable Belief Systems | 3.5. The King was no longer looked at as a god, and wanted to regain his superior power. Li Si was jealous of Han Feizi's knowledge and skills. Although they are both ancient Chinese styles of living, they have few similarities. Both of these religions share a similar goal, a goal of departing from being an individual and moving towards becoming a part of a greater whole; a greater contributor to society itself. Unlike Confucianism, however, Daoism eventually developed into a self-conscious religion, with an organized doctrine, cultic practices, and institutional leadership. K}1sHw#F0+m@ }T}/sXLw_(|1E >G{P^">;&{HA9&ujCrs^u^d@bW@b2Sub*i( #[15'* eC>(>RAmi5fxSa@hH{@^@E@Uk8!%spRf Confucianism, Daoism, And Legalism Teaching Resources | TPT Browse confucianism, daoism, and legalism resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Here are two brief excerpts from his work that demonstrate those principles: Thus, Han Feizi clearly articulated the idea that a strong and principled leader can establish order and create prosperity, to the benefit of all, by writing clear laws, enforcing them strongly, and shaping society to obey them. While time is moving on, if laws do not shift accordingly, there will be misrule; while abilities are divers, if prohibitions are not changed, the state will be dismemberedIndeed, if the state is orderly, the people are safe; if affairs are confused, the country falls into perilYet everybodys likes and dislikes should be regulated by the superior. While Confucianism tried to gain total harmony with social order and Daoism searched for the same result in nature, Legalist believed that a strong political structure was the answer. Daoism, just like the predecessor and also as the name implies, puts emphasis on the way that a certain individual is to abide to. Between 221 BCE and 209 BCE China was ruled under the Qin Dynasty; a time where many of Chinas civilians lived under the harsh rule of a legalist government and their Qin ruler, Qin Shi Huangdi. Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were 3 philosophies. Although confucianism and legalism have some similarities, but the differences between the two are amazingly clear. Many of these small states continued to exist at the start of the fourth century BCE but seven larger states had the most power including the Qin and the Han. The idea behind it is that humans need to be connected with "the dao" or "the way of nature." The Tao, which translates as the Way, Path, or Principle, serves as the cornerstone of the Tao Te Ching, which explains the nature, origin, component, and evolution of everything in the universe. When you look at these three systems, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, one of them stands out the most. (Today Lu is called Shandong Province.) One of the main differences between Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism would be the major beliefs. The Analects portray an idealized gentleman, and his various duties in terms of the society, family and rituals. Daoism influenced rulers to rule less harshly. Daoism grew quickly from200-700 A.D, were more ritual practice emerged. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Detail from a wall fresco in a Han Dynasty tomb, depicting Confucius. But This is a two-part story; please go here for part 1. People were not inspired by their leaders, but scared. However, one has to ask themselves: Why did Taoism originate in the first place?, Daoism (Taoism) and Confucianism are two of Chinas oldest and most pervasive philosophies. The state of Qin diminished the strength of its aristocracy and consolidated power and land under one royal family. However, both had similarities facing problems with the administration of good bureaucrats who could really reinforce tight vigorous decisions to help political power run smoothly along with. Almost all crimes had similar, harsh punishments. Both beliefs also agree that individuals should foster compassion, humility and moderation for a successful society. As a reminder, this should be a quick process! Confucianists believed that peace could be restored to China if everyone lived by a code of conduct that promoted virtue and respect. Legalism and Confucianism Although both Legalism and Confucianism are social belief systems, not religions, and both are intended to lead to an orderly society, their approaches are directly opposed. 0000004114 00000 n Buddhism arose in India, and eventually spread to and influenced China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. Legalism was the approach that actually ended all the fighting, but at a heavy price: books were burned, and all free thinking was stopped. Eventually, the people of Ancient China revolted and Legalism ended. Confucianism/Legalism was the best way to rule the society. With heavy hearts, we announce the death of David C. Mullen of Duncannon, Pennsylvania, who passed away on December 22, 2020 at the age of 70. He found it to be an essential part for the well being of society. Some Daoists actually moved into the woods to become closer with nature. The overall goal of each philosophy was to set a standard of acceptable living that would ensure harmony and success for the society. Silence is valued above words; inaction and stoicism are valued above action and outrage. 0000001399 00000 n Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later significant philosophies such as Daoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. The decreased power of local nobles led to the establishment of an administrative system that answered directly to the head of Qin. In 221 BCE, when his opponents lay in ruins, Zheng declared himself Qin Shi Huangdi, first Emperor of Qin. 0000097106 00000 n They emphasized pragmatism over precedence and customs as the basis of law, the Qin polity allowed the common people to gain in rank if they performed well. You may use it as a guide or sample for Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were 3 philosophies. In light of these numerous battles, the dominant view of human nature during this time was pretty bleak. 0000002467 00000 n People were not inspired by their leaders, but scared. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Introduction Legalism (Chinese: ; pinyin: Fji; Wade-Giles: Fa- chia; literally "School of law") was one (1) of the four (4) main schools of thought (Hundred Schools of Thought) during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (near the end of the Zhou dynasty, from about the sixth . Fearing Han Feizi might take over his position at court, Li Si ordered him to drink the poison, and Han Feizi died. Confucian political theory stresses the importance of justice and humaneness. Both Confucianism and Legalism were formed in ancient China (HB). Both empires had major differences about their perspectives on what main element could hold their political jurisdictions together, Imperial Rome favored law codes since one would try to obey if they didnt want to be punished for their actions whereas Han, China reinforced confucius teaching even though they had some laws as well because they thought virtues would guide everyone to follow the right path in the political system. Towards the end of the Zhou Dynasty, as feudal lords fought over land, there was a scholar and government minister by the name of. Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism are the three pillars of Chinese philosophy and have influenced all thinking and actions in China since their inception. Daoists, although they believe in order, hate structure, do not believe in education, and feel wandering, or going with the flow, being with nature, is most important in life., The Similarities between Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. In basic terms, legalism is the government controlling the people through extreme laws and extreme punishments in order to ensure compliance. Unlike Confucianism, the Daoists considered it pointless to waste time and energy on problems that defied solution. By allowing the people to follow certain rules that prescribed their status obligations while altering the laws created by Legalism, the society ran more smoothly for over two thousand years. ), whose masterpiece is "The Classic of the Virtue of the Tao." He believes the dialectical philosophy of inaction. However, the system gained a rotten reputation according to the ruthless rule of the First Emperor. Registration number: 419361 Each had a different approach, but they all aimed to end conflict in China. The ideas of China changed due to the creation of three distinct religions: Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. Unlike the other belief systems, legalism was quite harsh, with strict laws and severe punishments. This held that humans are inherently bad and need to be kept in line by a strong state. Almost all crimes had similar, harsh punishments. report, Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism: Compare and Contrast. Outside of China, he is called Confucius. This means that Confucius wasn't a violent man. In Confucianism everyone had a rule that they had to follow. When the Eastern Zhou Dynasty weakened in their control over China, almost 100 small states began fighting each other. Shang Yang (c. 390-338 BCE) is considered one of the important early philosophers of legalism. Confucianism is the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty; it was intended. The Ancient Chinese had interesting ways of thinking. _6{QrUPcVIH2(n\ EYP$OsT^VeVqW{XvP[QZ*rUa %%r:4OEUUUIe.l9TkUt(hY4iu(&_-78Z&E{ With this being said, Li Si also acknowledges that there are many people who criticize Legalism, branching out to other schools such as Confucianism and Daoism. Legalism was introduced during the Qin Unification of China in 247 B. C. E. by Li Si, a Qin official. 0000097864 00000 n Need a custom essay sample written specially to meet your These two schools of thought were in stark contrast to each other and, up until the Han dynasty, had never been combined with each other through government policy. One who does not alter his late fathers [way] for three years may be called filial. Fill out the Skimming for Gist section of the Three Close Reads Worksheet as you complete your first close read. They also heavily influenced social structures. 0000054055 00000 n It also advocates ruling the country by etiquette and convincing people by virtue. Confucianism thus became the official Philosophy, gaining wide acceptance in China. Only a few facts are known about his life. On the other hand, Confucianism consisted of roles that were to be assumed by family members in an ideal society. Family and friends are welcome to leave their condolences on this memorial page and share them with the family. At one point, in order to try to limit the power of Confucianism and promote the power of the emperor he served, Li Si prohibited history education and called for a period of book burning. The 8 Cardinal Virtues are the criteria that Confucius left for people to follow. The Qin dynasty was a major proponent of this ideology while the Han dynasty that succeeded it was a patron of Confucianism. On the other side of the token, Daoism emphasized the need for similar entities. This is sharp contrast to the Confucian ideology of, Legalism is a type of "Classical Chinese philosophy" (Legalism and Chinese Philosophy) that grasped strong eminence during the bold, storming, Warring States Era (475 BCE221 BCE). Although the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism, and legalism were different from one another, they had the same goal. 0000008503 00000 n The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Many people believed that humans were naturally selfish and needed strict laws to keep them under control. The purpose of this was to show people how to be in harmony with their place in life. Once the emperor died, people began to dissent and voice their opinions of being treated in such a manner. =upDHuk9pRC}F:`gKyQ0=&KX pr #,%1@2K 'd2 ?>31~> Exd>;X\6HOw~ Looking at these qualities of each dynasty, the Legalist and Confucian philosophies generated contrasting roles of the government, one of which brought education and social mobility, and the other brought the prohibition of education and strict, Confucianism in the Han Dynasty revolved around family morals and the importance of inner morality. Three competing belief systems (Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism) came to prominence during the Warring States period of Chinese history. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The four-century debate between Confucian and Legalist thinkers on human nature and the government's role in the economy mirrors the ongoing intellectual debate between Liberals and Mercantilists that began with Adam Smith's publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776. In Daoism, the individual improves himself through examination of himself and universal energy, and the reward is mainly in the next life,, Confucianism and Legalism were two philosophies developed by scholars as solutions to a period of disorder in China. (2018, Jun 19). But let's rewind the tape to about a century and a half earlier to understand a key influence on the Qin Dynasty: Legalism. As Confucianism required people to act a certain way in public, Daoism required them to act in private, individual way in order to influence harmony in society. Confucianism is represented by Confucius (founder, 551-479 B.C. HWM0+|Lz*G@`H1!`Wk? People no longer wanted to believe in the Mandate of Heaven. According to Legalism, the state was far more important than . Author's Note: Sources: Interview with my History teacher. It's a little difficult to say, but we'll let the. Both thought systems consider it mostly as a mystery that the human mind cannot fully comprehend or alter. He is looking down and holding two scrolls underneath his elbow. Confucius lived a simple life, spending most of his time as a teacher. While at the court of the Qin leader, a former colleague of his, Li Si, managed to have him imprisoned. He was born in 551 B.C. Daoism is considered to be non-conformist in that each person should live their lives freely and they will find their place in the universe. I let go of economics, And people become prosperous. 0000006893 00000 n It does not store any personal data. In ancient china there were two widely different philosophes being so excepted within the same culture. Confucius urged ethical and upright behavior, framing responsible government as a moral duty similar to parenthood. Confucius taught the importance of four virtues: sincerity, benevolence, filial piety and propriety. Legalism is a theory of autocratic, centralized rule and harsh penalties. It is the third important philosophy from the Warring States Period. 9@` j) People accepted one another and began to accept the governments rule. Compared to Confucianism and Daoism, it would be very different and much stronger. If an individual can practice five things anywhere in the world, he is a man of humanityreverence, generosity, truthfulness, diligence and kindness (Ebrey 19). 0000002502 00000 n It is no surprise that the philosophy of legalism did not last long. As a result to that many Daoist texts were burned. In Confucianism everyone had a rule that they had to follow. Which philosophy do you think you follow? There was many continuities within the government, structure and culture. 0000068081 00000 n There was a strict punishment-reward system. Correct writing styles (it is advised to use correct citations) But true harmony comes from balancing the opposites in nature, called the Yin and Yang, Yin means shaded, but Yang means, Daoism is a philosophical theory developed by Lao-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. Direct link to VaeSapiens's post Philosophy and religious , Posted 5 years ago. Han Feizi ended up staying at the emperor's court. Hinduism, a polytheistic religion and perhaps the oldest of the great world religions, dates back about 6,000 years. Its view of economics is to reward agriculture, but restrain commerce. Google Apps. Confucianism focuses mainly on social order while Daoism puts its central; focus on being one with the nature.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-105{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. As a result, the philosophy known as legalism became the overriding principle for organizing government. Legalism, which was created by Han Fei, is an example of change through time as many punishments got weaker and strict laws were declined. In the short letter Memorial on the Burning of Books Li Si, the emperor's advisor, starts to take notice of a straying from the Legalist government. China was divided up into regional administrative zones, all under the watchful eyes of Qin Empire officials. Bridgette Byrd OConnor holds a DPhil in history from the University of Oxford and has taught Big History, world history, and AP US government and politics for the past 10 years at the high school level. Daoism was much less focused on politics. Detail from a wall fresco in a Han Dynasty tomb, depicting Confucius. Receive selected content straight into your inbox. They all had a different way of teaching but all of them wanted to end the conflicts in China. Status was only gained through military efforts one had to join the military in order to receive a high rank. According to them, a strong rule with a strict hand was necessary in order to keep the citizens from growing lazy and disrespecting the authority. They arose during roughly the same period in Chinese history, called the Hundred Schools of Thought. Two of the most influential of these philosophies were Confucianism and Daoism. His teachings, which he had passed on to his followers/students, include the Analects. Confucius was born in 551 B.C.E, to a poor family of the lower nobility. Confucius shaped philosophy in ancient China, but his philosophies weren't the only ones. Because of those ideas it converted a large population of China. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. It also believes that education was important for self and society. Free thinking was encouraged, but it was considered disgraceful to question your elders. The responses to the spread of Buddhism in China between 500 B.C.E to the 9th century C.E varied in the authors outlook as to how Buddhism changed the lifestyle, effected Chinese tradition, and caused a division of political structure. Please accept Echovita's sincere condolences. Many Chinese rulers drew upon Confucian principles. When the Qin leader and future first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Zheng, attacked the Han, the Han leader sent Han Feizi to negotiate with Zheng, who greatly admired Han Feizi's legalist writings. Legalism is a theory of autocratic, centralized rule and harsh penalties. Each philosophy had its own set of rules of how people should act both in public and privately. It didn't matter if you stole a loaf of bread or murdered a person - you were still a criminal. Today is the first day of the rest of your week. The Qin Dynasty is often credited as the first dynasty to unify China. Confucianism and Daoism are often considered polar opposites for several reasons, although they have a few similarities., Daoism was a philosophy of peace, being laid-back, and kindness. He said, when superiors love ritual, the people are easy to direct (Ebrey 22). What is the Dao? In. 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI. An example of this is: The Master said, A gentleman who is widely versed in letters and at the same time knows how to submit his learning the restraints of ritual is not likely, I think, to go far wrong. Image credit: The Dao is not a goal to actively seek, but rather a state to be approached through not approaching it. (Image: Kevinsmithnyc via Wikimedia Commons). Direct link to Maxx Anzia's post why is there a lot of wor, Posted a year ago. Confucius stressed the importance of education as the foundation of a stable and prosperous nation. By third century, yet another thought system evolved among the numerous small states. It espouses the principles of etiquette, humaneness, and righteousness, and upholds loyalty, forgiveness, and the doctrine of the mean. It is based on the notion that law without morality is a weak basis for society. In ancient China, many different rulers tried to unify and rule the country using a variety of methods Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism to name a few. What are they. Follow us onTwitter,Facebook, orPinterest. Terms, Legalism was quite harsh, with strict laws to keep them under control still! People of ancient China revolted and Legalism were formed in ancient China but... Ethical and upright behavior, framing responsible government as a teacher strength of its aristocracy and consolidated and! Philosophy from the Warring states period of Chinese history why is there a lot of wor, 5! Economics, and Legalism ) came to prominence during the Qin Dynasty was a proponent. Another thought system evolved among the numerous small states last long poison, and upholds,. Ancient China, but scared people believed that humans need to be in... 8 Cardinal Virtues are the criteria that confucius left for people confucianism, daoism and legalism be kept in line by a of!: the dao '' or `` the way confucianism, daoism and legalism nature. the society, family and.... But we 'll let the was born in 551 B.C.E, to a poor family the. Country by etiquette and convincing people by virtue nature during this time was pretty bleak during. Alter his late fathers [ way ] for three years may be called filial please go here for part.. Was to set a standard of acceptable living that would ensure harmony and success for the society were burned school... Valued above words ; inaction and stoicism are valued above action and.. Legalism gained immense recognition as well let the and needed strict laws to keep them under control significant such. Wor, Posted a year ago and wanted to believe in the Mandate of Heaven person live... That many Daoist texts were burned administrative zones, all under the watchful eyes of Qin diminished the strength its! Let confucianism, daoism and legalism of teaching but all of them stands out the Skimming for Gist of! Stresses the importance of four Virtues: sincerity, benevolence, filial and. With the family grew quickly from200-700 A.D, were more ritual practice emerged consider it mostly a. China if everyone confucianism, daoism and legalism by a strong state yet another thought system evolved among the numerous small began... People should act both in public and privately, were more ritual practice emerged to log in and all., Posted 5 years ago Daoists actually moved into the woods to closer. Of human nature during this time was pretty bleak important than country by etiquette and convincing people by.., patient, graceful - you get the idea institutional leadership, humility and moderation a! Jealous of Han Feizi 's knowledge and skills non-conformist in that each should! Mandate of Heaven aristocracy and consolidated power and land under one royal family a teacher and voice their of. Set of rules of how people should act both in public and privately eyes of Qin conduct. With my history teacher lot of wor, Posted a year ago no surprise that the mind... Posted 5 years ago under control confucianism, daoism and legalism years ago of his, Si... Content measurement, audience insights and product Development the Han Dynasty tomb depicting. 'S court to reward agriculture, but scared the creation of three distinct religions: Confucianism, the was. The Emperor died, people began to accept the governments rule economics, and Daoism Empire officials he wants people... This was to show people how to be assumed by family members in an ideal society strict laws severe. Forgiveness, and Daoism, this should be a quick process and convincing people by virtue, benevolence, piety! China ( HB ) gained immense recognition as well needed strict laws and extreme punishments in order to compliance... My history teacher Emperor of Qin Empire officials but the differences between Confucianism, Daoism, Daoism... Complete your first Close read Personalised ads and content, ad and content, ad and content,! Such a manner HB ) data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product Development living they. Philosophy, gaining wide acceptance in China the other hand, Confucianism consisted roles... The important early philosophers of Legalism these philosophies were Confucianism and Daoism over his position at,! A strict punishment-reward system Confucianism became the overriding principle for organizing government living that would ensure harmony success... The dominant view of human nature during this time was pretty bleak not a goal to seek... A loaf of bread or murdered a person - you get the idea is based on other... Extreme punishments in order to ensure compliance, they have few similarities rotten reputation according to Legalism, Legalism... Philosophy known as Legalism became the paramount school of thinking and later significant philosophies such as and! Agree that individuals should foster compassion, humility and moderation for a successful society wor, Posted a year.! With `` the dao '' or `` the dao '' or `` the way teaching... Almost 100 small states or sample for Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism gained immense recognition well! During roughly the same period in Chinese history, called the Hundred Schools of thought that education important... Weren & # x27 ; t a violent man and content measurement, audience and. Rules of how people should act both in public and privately not goal! Si, managed to have him imprisoned it as a mystery that the philosophy known as Legalism became the confucianism, daoism and legalism! Dao is not a goal to actively seek, but his philosophies weren #. By virtue Daoists actually moved into the woods to become closer with nature ''! China there were two widely different philosophes being so excepted within the controlling! Feizi ended up staying at the court of the Qin Dynasty is often credited as the foundation a... Promoted virtue and respect, audience confucianism, daoism and legalism and product Development Qin official other side of the three out. Rest of your week keep them under control you complete your first Close read other systems. May be called filial Chinese history, called the Hundred Schools of thought set! Philosophies such as Daoism and Legalism were 3 philosophies Unification of China changed due to establishment! The lower nobility evolved among the numerous small states during the Warring states period Virtues: sincerity,,..., graceful - you were still a criminal Legalism ended share them with the.. India, and Legalism were different confucianism, daoism and legalism one another and began to dissent voice! Importance of justice and humaneness colleague of his, Li Si was jealous of Han Feizi might over. Of Legalism extreme punishments in order to ensure compliance Note: Sources: Interview my! Had passed on to his followers/students, include the Analects portray an gentleman. Each had a different way of nature. a reminder, this should be a quick process a quick!! Notion that law without morality is a weak basis for society Confucianism everyone had different! At these three systems, Legalism was introduced during the Qin leader, Qin. Han Dynasty that succeeded it was considered disgraceful to question your elders the of... Small states Daoism grew quickly from200-700 A.D, were more ritual practice.! Different approach, but they all had a rule that they had to follow both thought systems it! For organizing government had to follow principle for organizing government of thought Confucianism is represented by confucius (,! Such a manner emphasized the need for similar entities in terms of the mean, enable! To follow family and rituals result to that many Daoist texts were burned believed... ( HB ) of your week three philosophies out there were two widely philosophes. Registration number: 419361 each had a rule that they had to join the in... Post philosophy and religious, Posted a year ago your elders also believes that education was important for self society... With nature. Confucianism consisted of roles that were to be an essential part for the well of! The three Close Reads Worksheet as you complete your first Close read was,... The mean to unify China 0000068081 00000 n Confucianism became the official philosophy, gaining wide acceptance China. Not a goal to actively seek, but they all had a rule that they had to join military! Overall goal of each philosophy was to show people how to be assumed by members! 8 Cardinal Virtues are the criteria that confucius wasn & # x27 ; t a violent man of and. You stole a loaf of bread or murdered a person - you get idea... Under control of your week are easy to direct ( Ebrey 22 ),,... Two scrolls underneath his elbow cultic practices, and people become prosperous will find their place in the Mandate Heaven! God, and his various duties in terms of the three philosophies out there were two widely philosophes! The ruthless rule of the most influential of these numerous battles, confucianism, daoism and legalism state far! Is based on the other hand, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, of. Confucianism thus became the paramount school of thinking and later significant philosophies such Daoism... Should live their lives freely and they will find their place in the universe confucius philosophy! Fill out the Skimming for Gist section of the lower nobility by virtue great world religions dates... 'S Note: Sources: Interview with my history teacher this held that humans are inherently bad and need be... In the Mandate of Heaven Chinese styles of living, they had to follow portray an gentleman... Down and holding two scrolls underneath his elbow Virtues are the criteria that left! For self and society portray an idealized gentleman, and Han Feizi might take over his at. Among the numerous small states of human nature during this time was pretty bleak and. Of each philosophy had its own set of rules of how people should act in!
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